Vymenujte klasické symptómy ťažkej aortálnej stenózy a typický fyzikálny nález.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 1
| aortálna stenóza | stenosis ostii aortae |
| mitrálna stenóza | stenosis ostii mitralis |
| defekt predsieňového septa | defectus septi atriorum |
| defekt komorového septa | defectus septi ventriculorum |
| bikuspidálna aortálna chlopňa | valva aortae bicuspidalis |
| reumatická choroba srdca | |
| Eisenmengerov syndróm | |
| otvárací tón mitrálnej chlopne | |
| pulsus parvus et tardus | pulsus parvus et tardus |
| šelest |
VSDs result from developmental abnormalities or disruptions in the formation of the interventricular septum during the complex process of embryological heart morphogenesis.
Aortic stenosis is a common valvular disorder leading to left ventricular outflow obstruction.
Mitral stenosis is a progressive valvular disorder characterized by obstruction of left ventricular inflow due to narrowing of the mitral valve orifice.
Etiologies include congenital (bicuspid/unicuspid), calcific, and rheumatic disease.
The bicuspid aortic valve is the most common cause of aortic stenosis in patients less than the age of 70 years in developed countries.
Globally, the predominant cause of mitral stenosis remains the chronic sequelae of rheumatic heart disease, especially in low and middle-income countries.
Congenital VSDs are the most common cardiac anomaly in children and are the second most common congenital abnormality in adults, following the bicuspid aortic valve.
Perimembranous VSD is the most common type, accounting for 80% of all VSDs.
Symptoms such as exertional dyspnea or fatigue gradually develop after a long asymptomatic latent period of about 10 to 20 years. Patients go on to develop chest pain, heart failure, and syncope.
Following the opening snap, a low-pitched, middiastolic rumbling murmur with presystolic accentuation is typically heard best with the bell of the stethoscope at the cardiac apex, particularly when the patient is positioned in the left lateral decubitus position
ASDs are frequently asymptomatic. However, in symptomatic patients, a soft, systolic ejection murmur over the pulmonic area (2nd intercostal space) combined with a wide, fixed S2 splitting is characteristic.
The murmur associated with a VSD is typically pansystolic and best heard at the left lower sternal border.
Echocardiography remains the standard approach method to evaluate and follow-up patients with aortic stenosis and stratify them for surgery.
TEE is particularly valuable when transthoracic imaging is limited or when assessing for left atrial thrombus before PMBV.
A transthoracic echocardiogram is the gold standard imaging modality, as it helps assess the size of the defect, the direction of blood flow
Color Doppler transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the most valuable diagnostic tool for VSDs due to its high sensitivity, detecting up to 95% of cases, particularly for nonapical lesions larger than 5 mm.
Aortic valve replacement (AVR) is superior to medical therapy in severe symptomatic aortic stenosis, as proven in observational studies and randomized control trials.
A heart valve team of cardiac surgeons, interventional cardiologists, clinical and imaging experts in valve disease, as well as nurses, anesthetists, and geriatricians, as needed, are essential to recommend the choice of surgical AVR versus transcatheter AVR, given the complexity of the issues.
Intervention is indicated for severe mitral stenosis when any symptoms are present if the valve is suitable for percutaneous balloon commissurotomy
Percutaneous mitral balloon commissurotomy is the procedure of choice for younger patients and for patients without heavily calcified valve commissures, subvalvular distortion, LA thrombi, or moderate or severe MR
When the etiology is annular calcification, there is no benefit from percutaneous balloon commissurotomy because there is no commissural fusion.
Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (eg, warfarin ) is indicated to prevent thromboembolism if patients have or have had atrial fibrillation, embolism, or a left atrial thrombus.
Percutaneous transcatheter closure poses less risk for the patient but is only suitable for closing ostium secundum defects.
Contraindications to percutaneous closure include small, hemodynamically insignificant ASDs, ostium primum defects, sinus venosus defects, coronary sinus defects, and secundum defects with advanced pulmonary hypertension.
Average survival without AVR is only about 1 to 3 years after the symptom onset.
Severe symptomatic aortic stenosis patients are at a high risk of sudden death.
Over time, these changes may result in atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation, right ventricular dysfunction, and reduced cardiac output.
The complications of ASDs include atrial dysrhythmias, pulmonary arterial hypertension, right-sided congestive heart failure, transient ischemic attack or stroke, and Eisenmenger syndrome.
In prolonged, large left-to-right shunts, the pulmonary vascular endothelium undergoes irreversible changes, resulting in persistent PAH. When the pressure within the pulmonary circulation exceeds that of the systemic circulation, the shunt direction reverses, leading to a right-to-left shunt.
This condition is known as Eisenmenger syndrome and is observed in approximately 10% to 15% of individuals with VSD.
The use of DOACs is not recommended in patients with AF and moderate-to-severe MS.
Vymenujte klasické symptómy ťažkej aortálnej stenózy a typický fyzikálny nález.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Popíšte auskultačný nález a liečebné možnosti pri mitrálnej stenóze.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Čo je Eisenmengerov syndróm a pri ktorých chybách vzniká?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.