Uveďte klasifikáciu tiaže OSA u dospelých podľa AHI.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 2
| obštrukčné spánkové apnoe | |
| centrálne spánkové apnoe | |
| syndróm obezity s hypoventiláciou | |
| polysomnografia | |
| index apnoe-hypopnoe | |
| chrápanie | |
| Cheyne-Stokesovo dýchanie |
Other types of sleep-disordered breathing, including central sleep apnea, upper airway resistance, and obesity hypoventilation, will be discussed separately.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleep disorder characterized by repeated episodes of complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea) collapse of the upper airway, causing oxygen desaturation or sleep arousal.
Sleep-related reductions in ventilatory drive, neuromuscular factors, and anatomical risk factors all contribute significantly to upper airway obstruction during sleep.
Anatomical factors that promote pharyngeal narrowing include a large neck circumference, excess soft tissue, bony structures, or blood vessels.
OSA in adults is most commonly associated with obesity, male sex, and advancing age.
Atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure (HF) either with preserved or reduced ejection fraction (EF), ischemic stroke, spinal cord injury, renal failure, and chronic opioid use predispose patients to acquire central apnea via transient diminution of ventilatory output.
In rare instances, no apparent cause is identified and thus, is referred to as idiopathic or primary.
Patients with suspected OSA usually present with excessive daytime sleepiness, loud snoring, gasping, choking, or witnessed episodes of breathing cessation during sleep.
Other symptoms may include morning headaches, nocturnal reflux, insomnia, and nocturia.
Obesity is the most common finding in individuals with OSA.
Other physical signs include a large neck circumference (17 inches or 43 cm in males and 16 inches or 40.5 cm in females), a crowded oropharynx (a Mallampati score of 3 to 4), retrognathia, micrognathia, tonsillar hypertrophy, low-lying palate, overjet, and a large tongue.
They typically complain of poor-quality sleep, nocturnal awakening, sleep fragmentation, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), morning headache, fatigue, and impaired concentration span.
An interesting clinical observation about the patients with HF is that they often don't recognize or report daytime symptoms despite the objective evidence of sleepiness.
Nighttime in-laboratory level 1 polysomnography (PSG) is considered the gold standard for diagnosing OSA.
Nocturnal polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard diagnostic test in evaluating central apnea
The importance of weight loss should be emphasized in patients with OSA who are overweight or have obesity.
Although weight loss is recommended and can often decrease the severity of OSA, it is usually not curative.
Patients should be advised to avoid alcohol, benzodiazepines, opiates, and certain antidepressants, as these may exacerbate their condition.
Several treatment options are available for OSA, with the primary treatment being CPAP.
Oral appliances can be considered as an alternative to no treatment for adult patients with snoring (without OSA) or those with OSA who do not tolerate CPAP therapy or prefer an alternative treatment.
The primary goals in CSA management are to stabilize sleep by suppressing abnormal respiratory events and optimizing the treatment of comorbid conditions.
The heterogeneity of disease necessitates individualized therapies for the proper management of CSA rather than a homogenous treatment approach.
Heart failure patients with CSA and CSB tend to have a worse prognosis, and treatment often includes optimization of heart failure therapy.
Untreated patients are at risk for hypertension, atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias, heart failure, and injury or death due to motor vehicle crashes and other accidents resulting from hypersomnolence.
Furthermore, OSA is also associated with pulmonary hypertension, hypercapnia, hypoxemia, and daytime sedation, and these individuals have a high risk of motor vehicle accidents.
Uveďte klasifikáciu tiaže OSA u dospelých podľa AHI.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte komplikácie obštrukčného spánkového apnoe.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Definujte apnoe a hypopnoe pri hodnotení polysomnografie (AASM).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.