Vymenujte typy rekurentnej aftóznej stomatitídy a ich charakteristiku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 5
| stomatitída | stomatitis |
| rekurentná aftózna stomatitída | stomatitis aphthosa recurrens |
| orálna kandidóza | |
| glositída | glossitis |
| geografický jazyk | lingua geographica |
| sialoadenitída | sialadenitis |
| sialolitiáza | sialolithiasis |
Oral inflammation and ulcers, known as stomatitis, may be mild and localized or severe and widespread.
Glossitis is an overarching term denoting inflammation of the tongue.
Sialadenitis is an inflammation or infection of the salivary glands that can be acute or chronic
Sialolithiasis is a benign condition involving the formation of stones within the ducts of the major salivary glands
The etiology of recurrent aphthous stomatitis remains imperfectly understood. The cause is believed to be multifactorial, involving a cell-mediated immunological reaction and a genetic predisposition.
Certain factors predispose to RAS, including local trauma, stress, smoking cessation, anemia, and hematinic deficiency.
Hematinic (iron, folic acid, or vitamin B12) and zinc deficiencies have been demonstrated in some patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis.
Candida species cause oral candidiasis, most commonly Candida albicans, isolated from more than 80% of lesions.
Risk factors for the pathologic colonization of Candida include but are not limited to malnourishment, age extremes (young children and elderly), metabolic disease, immunocompromising conditions
long-term steroid treatment, antibiotic treatment, and salivary gland hypofunction
An example of local immunosuppression is inhaled corticosteroids, often prescribed in the preventive treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
There are numerous potential etiologies for glossitis.
Iron-deficiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin B deficiencies
Fungal: most commonly Candida species
ACE inhibitors
Exposure to irritants, for example, alcohol, spicy food, and tobacco.
Sialadenitis usually occurs after hyposecretion or duct obstruction but may develop without an obvious cause.
The most common causative bacterium is Staphylococcus aureus, and most common causative virus is paramyxovirus (eg, mumps). Other bacteria include streptococci, coliforms, and various anaerobes.
In some cases, sialoliths can obstruct the salivary ducts, leading to inflammation, superimposed bacterial infection termed sialadenitis, or in rare cases, abscess formation.
The lesions are small (usually less than 5 mm in diameter), oval or round, and appear as a group of 1 to 6 ulcers at a time. The lesions are surrounded by an erythematous halo and covered by a grey-white pseudomembrane.
Minor RAS mainly develops on non-keratinized mucosa, especially buccal and labial mucosa (see Image. Aphthous Ulcer) and the floor of the mouth, and heals within two weeks without scarring.
The ulcers are larger (>10 mm), last for 5 to 10 weeks, and usually leave scarring.
It typically presents with extensive white patches that can be easily removed with gauze, leaving an erythematous mucosa surface.
Unlike oral thrush, hyperplastic candidiasis cannot be easily wiped off.
The most common symptoms of glossitis include pain in the tongue, redness, swelling of the tongue, loss of papillae of the tongue, or any new visible tongue lesions.
Acute bacterial parotitis typically presents with unilateral, progressively painful glandular swelling, often accompanied by overlying erythema, pain with chewing, and difficulty opening the mouth.
Systemic symptoms, such as fever and chills, are common, and clinicians can express purulent discharge from the Stensen duct in approximately 50% of cases.
The swelling is often initially unilateral but becomes bilateral in approximately 90% of cases.
cases of viral parotitis are not typically associated with purulent drainage from the Stensen duct.
Patients with obstructing stones will commonly present a history of unilateral salivary gland swelling and acute onset of pain that worsens with meals.
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is a clinical diagnosis.
However, excluding other causes of recurrent aphthous ulcers in the mouth is necessary, like Behçet disease, nutritional deficiencies, or inflammatory bowel disease, particularly when RAS develops suddenly in an adult patient.
it is common practice to evaluate the complete blood count, red cell folate, and ferritin and vitamin B12 serum levels
Diagnosis of oral candidiasis is often clinical, based on clinical examination, medical history taking, and assessment of risk factors.
Acute atrophic candidiasis and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis resemble premalignant or malignant lesions; therefore, a biopsy is recommended on top of the empirical treatment.
Cultures and sensitivity tests can be done if antifungal treatment is ineffective.
Any chronic or unchanging tongue or mouth lesion should have a biopsy to rule out malignancy.
Diagnosis is clinical. CT, ultrasound, or MRI may help identify the cause.
Ultrasound is considered first-line imaging and is the preferred test in children
The usual appearance of sialoliths on ultrasound is a hyperechoic focus with posterior shadowing.
Additionally, only around 80% of stones are radioopaque, which leads to many stones not being diagnosed.
Before initiating more directed treatment, it is essential to identify predisposing factors, if any, and control them.
Topical corticosteroids are the first line of treatment for managing RAS.
A short course of systemic steroids is reserved for more severe cases.
Topical treatment is recommended for patients with a mild presentation or first presentation of the disease.
Topical antifungal drugs available include nystatin, miconazole, clotrimazole, and ketoconazole.
For moderate to severe disease, fluconazole 200 mg orally once, then 100 mg orally once daily for 7 to 14 days, is recommended.
Oral azoles are teratogenic and should not be used to treat mucosal candidiasis during the first trimester.
Most causes of glossitis are self-limiting and require no treatment.
Intramuscular injections of vitamin B12.
Other presenting complaints may include peripheral neuropathy, glossitis, diarrhea, headaches, and neuropsychiatric disturbances.
Treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency involves repletion with B12.
In patients with a deficiency in intrinsic factors, either due to pernicious anemia or gastric bypass surgery, a parenteral dose of B12 is recommended
Discontinue offending medication
Reassurance only, with mouth rinses, as described above, for acute exacerbations.
Areas of smooth tongue with loss of papillae that may have a surrounding white border; these may change position (migrate) over time
Initial treatment for bacterial sialadenitis is with antibiotics active against S. aureus (eg, dicloxacillin, 250 mg orally 4 times a day, a first-generation cephalosporin, or clindamycin), modified according to culture results.
Hydration, sialagogues (eg, lemon juice, hard candy, or some other substance that triggers saliva flow), warm compresses, gland massage, and good oral hygiene are also important. Abscesses require drainage.
Management of sialolithiasis should begin with conservative measures, including massaging the salivary gland, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and sialogogues.
Further treatment is dictated based on the sialolith's size, number, and location if conservative management is unsuccessful.
Severe pain complicates drinking and eating, possibly leading to dehydration and nutritional deficiencies.
There is a risk of bacterial superinfection of the aphthous ulcers
Long-term maintenance with topical corticosteroids may lead to opportunistic fungal infections in the oral mucosa
Hyperplastic candidiasis has the potential to evolve into severe dysplasia or malignancy.
The primary complications of sialolithiasis are the development of sialadenitis, acute or chronic, and atrophy of the affected salivary gland.
Without proper treatment, it can result in permanent fibrosis of the gland and atrophy.
Vymenujte typy rekurentnej aftóznej stomatitídy a ich charakteristiku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte príčiny glositídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte pôvodcov a rizikové faktory akútnej parotitídy a komplikácie mumpsu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.