Vymenujte hlavné skupiny príčin synkopy a stavy, ktoré synkopu napodobňujú.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 6
| synkopa | syncope |
| vazovagálna synkopa | |
| ortostatická hypotenzia | hypotensio orthostatica |
| kolaps | collapsus |
| kóma | coma |
| sopor | sopor |
| Glasgowská stupnica kómy |
Syncope is defined as TLOC due to cerebral hypoperfusion, characterized by a rapid onset, short duration, and spontaneous complete recovery.
Coma is at one end of that spectrum and is more rigorously defined as an eyes-closed state of deep unconsciousness with an inappropriate response to stimulation that lasts for a prolonged period of time.
TLOC is probably syncope when: (i) there are signs and symptoms specific for reflex syncope, syncope due to OH, or cardiac syncope
Structural cardiac: aortic stenosis, acute myocardial infarction/ischaemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Common toxic or metabolic causes of coma include hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, excessive alcohol intake, and medication overdose or illicit drug use.
Structural brain diseases such as subdural or epidural traumatic hematomas, spontaneous intracranial hemorrhages, venous thrombosis, tumors, acute hydrocephalus, raised intracranial pressure, anoxic brain injury, or brainstem strokes may all cause altered mental status or coma.
TLOC is probably syncope when: (i) there are signs and symptoms specific for reflex syncope, syncope due to OH, or cardiac syncope, and (ii) signs and symptoms specific for other forms of TLOC (head trauma, epileptic seizures, psychogenic TLOC, and/or rare causes) are absent.
VVS is highly probable if syncope is precipitated by pain, fear, or standing, and is associated with typical progressive prodrome (pallor, sweating, and/or nausea).
Stupor describes a deeper unresponsive state from which the patient can be only transiently aroused with vigorous stimulation.
In all patients, perform a complete history taking, physical examination (including standing BP measurement), and standard ECG.
Intermittent determination by sphygmomanometer of BP and HR while supine and during active standing for 3 min are indicated at initial syncope evaluation.
Initial stat labs would include electrolytes, CBC, arterial or venous blood gas analysis, and possibly toxicologic testing.
Recording of the neurologic examination and can be roughly quantified by the Glasgow Coma Scale, the FOUR score, or other rating scales.
Initial evaluation of the comatose patient should always include assessment with intervention as necessary of the airway, breathing, and circulatory conditions (A,B,C's).
Determination of the serum glucose by the point of care testing or empiric administration of glucose is recommended for all patients with altered mental status.
Naloxone should be considered in patients with elements of the narcotic toxidrome such as slowed respiratory rate, small pupils, or altered mental status.
Explanation of the diagnosis, the provision of reassurance, and explanation of the risk of recurrence and the avoidance of triggers and situations are indicated in all patients.
High-risk patients are more likely to have cardiac syncope.
Low-risk patients are more likely to have reflex syncope and have an excellent prognosis.
The prognosis of patients presenting with non-traumatic coma depends largely on both the etiology of coma and the level of consciousness on admission.
Basic support such as bladder care and skin assessment with decubiti preventative actions should not be neglected.
Vymenujte hlavné skupiny príčin synkopy a stavy, ktoré synkopu napodobňujú.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Popíšte Glasgowskú stupnicu hĺbky bezvedomia (GCS) a klasifikáciu závažnosti kraniocerebrálneho poranenia podľa GCS.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.