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🫀 Interná medicína · 7
| sekundárna hypertenzia | hypertensio arterialis secundaria |
| primárny aldosteronizmus | hyperaldosteronismus primarius |
| feochromocytóm | phaeochromocytoma |
| renovaskulárna hypertenzia | |
| fibromuskulárna dysplázia | |
| koarktácia aorty | coarctatio aortae |
| Cushingov syndróm |
secondary hypertension, defined as elevated blood pressure attributable to a specific, identifiable cause, represents a clinically significant subset that requires targeted evaluation and treatment.
identification and correction of the underlying cause can lead to cure of hypertension or substantial improvement in blood pressure control
The causes of secondary hypertension can be classified into renal, endocrine, renovascular, vascular, and miscellaneous categories.
endocrine disorders (primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, thyroid disorders, primary hyperparathyroidism, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia)
Atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis predominates in older adults and is often associated with generalized atherosclerotic disease, while fibromuscular dysplasia is the typical cause in younger patients, particularly women.
Development of hypertension at the extremes of age, accelerated end-organ dysfunction, resistant hypertension, and a sudden rise in blood pressure in previously normotensive individuals are classic features of secondary hypertension.
Hypokalemia is present in only a minority of patients with primary aldosteronism; its absence does not exclude the diagnosis.
Pheochromocytoma: The classic triad includes episodic headache, palpitations, and diaphoresis.
Renovascular disease: Worsening renal function after initiation of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, recurrent flash pulmonary edema, a systolic or diastolic abdominal bruit, and asymmetric kidney size could indicate renovascular disease.
The 2024 ESC guideline recommends that patients with hypertension presenting with suggestive signs, symptoms or medical history of secondary hypertension are appropriately screened (Class I).
For young adults (< 40 years of age), comprehensive screening for the main causes of secondary hypertension is recommended by the 2024 ESC guideline (Class I), except for obese young adults where it is recommended to simply start with an obstructive sleep apnoea evaluation.
the ESC guideline also advises that screening for primary aldosteronism by renin and aldosterone measurements should be considered in all adults with confirmed hypertension (Class IIa).
Biochemical screening involves measurement of plasma free metanephrines or 24-h urinary fractionated metanephrines
recommends unilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy for patients with confirmed unilateral aldosterone overproduction (unilateral adrenal hyperplasia or aldosterone-producing adenoma) who are candidates for a surgical procedure.
For patients with bilateral adrenal disease, those who are not candidates for a surgical procedure, or those who decline a surgical procedure, medical treatment with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists is the treatment of choice.
includes α-adrenergic blockade (phenoxybenzamine or selective α1-adrenergic blockers such as doxazosin) initiated at least 7 to 14 days before the surgical procedure, followed by β-blockade if tachycardia is present.
percutaneous revascularization is not recommended as a routine strategy for atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.
Secondary hypertension is usually resistant to antihypertensive drugs if the underlying mechanism is not identified and treated appropriately.
The condition may present with early end-organ dysfunction, hypertensive crisis, and cardiovascular events at a younger age.
Notably, the cardiovascular risk in primary aldosteronism exceeds what would be expected from the degree of blood pressure elevation alone
approximately one-third of patients remain hypertensive even after successful repair.
Estrogen-containing oral contraceptives, androgens, systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, prednisone, prednisolone, and fludrocortisone), and mineralocorticoids
Vymenujte klinické situácie, pri ktorých treba pátrať po sekundárnej hypertenzii.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte skríningové vyšetrenia pri podozrení na jednotlivé príčiny sekundárnej hypertenzie.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké klinické znaky svedčia pre renovaskulárnu hypertenziu a aká je jej liečba?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.