Vymenujte vyšetrenia pri podozrení na stabilnú ICHS.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 10
| ischemická choroba srdca | morbus ischaemicus cordis |
| angína pectoris | angina pectoris |
| chronický koronárny syndróm | |
| akútny koronárny syndróm | |
| infarkt myokardu | infarctus myocardii |
| ateroskleróza | atherosclerosis |
| koronarografia |
CAD is marked by an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the myocardium.
Coronary heart disease (CHD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD), encompasses conditions such as stable angina, acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and silent myocardial ischemia.
ACS is typically symptomatic and includes conditions like unstable angina and myocardial infarction.
At the macrovascular level, not only fixed, flow-limiting stenoses but also diffuse atherosclerotic lesions without identifiable luminal narrowing may cause ischaemia under stress
functional and structural microcirculatory abnormalities may cause angina and ischaemia even in patients with non-obstructive disease of the large or medium coronary arteries
systemic or extracoronary conditions, such as anaemia, tachycardia, blood pressure (BP) changes, myocardial hypertrophy, and fibrosis, may contribute to the complex pathophysiology of non-acute myocardial ischaemia.
Nonmodifiable factors include gender, age, family history, and genetics. Modifiable risk factors include hypertension, smoking, obesity, lipid levels, and psychosocial variables.
usually (but not always) provoked by exertion, emotion or other stress, and may manifest as angina, other chest discomfort, or dyspnoea, or be asymptomatic.
angina that meets all three characteristics, with retrosternal chest discomfort provoked by exertion or emotional stress and relieved by rest or nitroglycerine, is highly suggestive of ischaemia caused by obstructive CAD
it is important to note that CCS doesn’t always present as classical angina pectoris and symptoms may vary depending on age and sex.
Although stable for long periods, chronic coronary diseases are frequently progressive and may destabilize at any moment with the development of an ACS.
A resting 12-lead ECG is recommended in all individuals reporting chest pain (unless an obvious non-cardiac cause is identified)
If clinical or ECG assessment suggests ACS rather than CCS, immediate referral to the emergency department and/or repeated measurement of blood troponin, preferably using high-sensitivity or ultrasensitive assays, to rule out acute myocardial injury, is recommended.
In symptomatic patients in whom the pre-test likelihood of obstructive CAD by clinical assessment is >5%, CCTA or non-invasive functional imaging for myocardial ischaemia is recommended as the initial diagnostic test.
Invasive coronary angiography with the availability of invasive functional assessments is recommended to confirm or exclude the diagnosis of obstructive CAD or ANOCA/INOCA in individuals with an uncertain diagnosis on non-invasive testing.
Short-acting nitrates are recommended for immediate relief of angina.
Nitrates are not recommended in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or in co-administration with phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Initial treatment with beta-blockers and/or CCBs to control heart rate and symptoms is recommended for most patients with CCS.
A high-intensity statin up to the highest tolerated dose to reach the LDL-C goals is recommended for all patients with CCS.
Medical therapy for CCS patients, including antithrombotic strategies, anti-inflammatory drugs, statins and new lipid-lowering, metabolic, and anti-obesity agents, has significantly improved survival after conservative treatment
In individuals at high risk of adverse events (regardless of symptoms), ICA—complemented by invasive functional measures (FFR/iFR) when appropriate—is recommended, with the aim of refining risk stratification and improving symptoms and cardiovascular outcomes by revascularization.
Arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, mitral regurgitation, mechanical complications, pericarditis, aneurysm formation, and mural thrombi are the main complications associated with CAD.
Stable angina generally has a good long-term prognosis and is compatible with long-term survival. Nevertheless, it signals underlying disease and ongoing risk of major adverse cardiovascular events.
Vymenujte vyšetrenia pri podozrení na stabilnú ICHS.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.