Vymenujte bezprostredne život ohrozujúce príčiny bolesti na hrudníku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 15
| bolesť na hrudníku | dolor thoracis |
| disekcia aorty | dissectio aortae |
| pľúcna embólia | embolia pulmonum |
| tenzný pneumotorax | pneumothorax tensivus |
| akútna perikarditída | pericarditis acuta |
| ruptúra pažeráka (Boerhaavov syndróm) | ruptura oesophagi |
| gastroezofageálna refluxová choroba | |
| pulsus paradoxus | pulsus paradoxus |
| podkožný emfyzém | emphysema subcutaneum |
Chest pain is a very common presenting symptom.
Many disorders cause chest pain or discomfort. These disorders may involve the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, neurologic, or musculoskeletal systems
Immediate life threats must be ruled out first.
Some disorders are immediately life threatening: Acute coronary syndromes (acute myocardial infarction/unstable angina) Thoracic aortic dissection Tension pneumothorax Esophageal rupture Pulmonary embolism (PE)
Overall, the most common causes are Chest wall disorders (ie, those involving muscle, rib, or cartilage) Pleural disorders Gastrointestinal disorders (eg, gastroesophageal reflux disease, esophageal spasm, ulcer disease, cholelithiasis) Acute coronary syndromes and stable angina
Long-standing pain (ie, for weeks or months) is not a manifestation of a disorder that is immediately life threatening. Such pain is often musculoskeletal in origin, although gastrointestinal origin or a cancer should be considered, particularly in patients who are older.
Acute, crushing pain radiating to the jaw or arm Exertional pain relieved by rest (angina pectoris)
Sudden, tearing pain radiating to the back Some patients have syncope, stroke, or leg ischemia Pulse or blood pressure that may be unequal in extremities
Constant or intermittent sharp pain often aggravated by breathing, swallowing food, or supine position and relieved by sitting or leaning forward Pericardial friction rub
Abnormal vital signs (tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypotension) Signs of hypoperfusion (eg, confusion, ashen color, diaphoresis) Shortness of breath Hypoxemia on pulse oximetry Asymmetric breath sounds or pulses New heart murmurs Pulsus paradoxus > 10 mm Hg
Most patients with chest pain should have pulse oximetry, ECG, and chest radiography (basic tests). If there is suspicion of coronary ischemia, serum cardiac biomarkers (troponin, CK-MB) should also be checked.
NSTEMI can also be ruled out by the combination of low baseline levels of hs-cTn and the lack of a relevant increase within 1 h (no 1 hΔ).
In patients who are hemodynamically stable: CT angiogram, possibly subsequent MR angiography or TEE In patients who are hemodynamically unstable: bedside TEE
The quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) has a diagnostic sensitivity of at least 95%. ELISA can exclude the diagnosis of PE in patients with either low or intermediate pretest probability.
If pulmonary embolism is highly likely, anticoagulants should be given while the diagnosis is pursued; another embolus in a patient who is not receiving anticoagulants may be fatal.
Short-acting intravenous beta blockers (eg, esmolol or labetalol) are the first-line agents. The goal is to maintain a heart rate of approximately 60 beats per minute
Beta blockers should be used with caution in the setting of acute aortic regurgitation, where compensatory tachycardia may be beneficial for maintaining cardiac output.
If beta blockers are contraindicated (eg, in patients with severe asthma, cocaine-induced aortic dissection (CIAD), or bronchospastic disease), nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers like diltiazem can be used as alternatives.
Type A dissections are considered surgical emergencies due to the high risk of fatal complications, such as cardiac tamponade, aortic rupture, myocardial infarction, and stroke.
Without intervention, the mortality rate increases by 1% to 2% per hour within the first 24 to 48 hours, reaching nearly 50% by the end of the first week.
Some serious disorders, particularly coronary ischemia and pulmonary embolism, often do not have a classic presentation.
Vymenujte bezprostredne život ohrozujúce príčiny bolesti na hrudníku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte varovné nálezy (red flags) u pacienta s bolesťou na hrudníku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké základné vyšetrenia robíte u dospelého s akútnou bolesťou na hrudníku a kedy doplníte troponín?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.