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🫀 Interná medicína · 17
| náhla brušná príhoda | abdomen acutum |
| peritonitída | peritonitis |
| ileus | ileus |
| akútna apendicitída | appendicitis acuta |
| perforovaný peptický vred | ulcus pepticum perforatum |
| pneumoperitoneum | pneumoperitoneum |
| inkarcerovaná hernia | hernia incarcerata |
| akútna mezenteriálna ischémia | |
| aneuryzma brušnej aorty | aneurysma aortae abdominalis |
| ektopická gravidita | graviditas extrauterina |
| obranné svalové napätie |
The term acute abdomen refers to abdominal symptoms and signs of such severity or concern that disorders requiring surgery should be considered.
some are immediately life threatening, requiring rapid diagnosis and surgery. These include ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), perforated viscus, mesenteric ischemia, and ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Others (eg, intestinal obstruction, appendicitis, severe acute pancreatitis) are also serious and nearly as urgent.
Peritonitis can also result from any abdominal condition that causes marked inflammation (eg, appendicitis, diverticulitis, strangulating intestinal obstruction, pancreatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, mesenteric ischemia).
The most common cause of SBO is postoperative adhesions, followed by hernias, while other etiologies include malignancies, inflammatory strictures, and congenital anomalies.
the presence of guarding, rigidity, and rebound (all suggesting peritoneal irritation)
Severe pain in a patient with a silent abdomen who is lying as still as possible suggests peritonitis
Distention, especially when surgical scars, tympany to percussion, and high-pitched peristalsis or borborygmi in rushes are present, strongly suggests bowel obstruction.
Severe pain Signs of shock (eg, tachycardia, hypotension, diaphoresis, confusion) Signs of peritonitis Abdominal distention
A bedside urine pregnancy test should be done for all women of childbearing age because a negative result effectively excludes ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Standard tests (eg, complete blood count, chemistries, urinalysis) are often done but are of little value due to poor specificity; patients with significant disease may have normal results.
An abdominal series, consisting of flat and upright abdominal radiographs and upright chest radiographs (left lateral recumbent abdomen and anteroposterior chest radiograph for patients unable to stand), should be done when perforation or obstruction is suspected.
CT with oral and IV contrast is diagnostic in approximately ≥ 95% of patients with significant abdominal pain and has markedly lowered the negative laparotomy rate. However, advanced imaging must not be allowed to delay surgery in patients with definitive symptoms and signs.
They promptly attach patients to a cardiac monitor and treat those with peritonitis, hypotension, or a toxic appearance by establishing large-bore IV access, administering crystalloid fluids, and using vasopressors for septic shock.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics targeting gram-negative and anaerobic enteric organisms are necessary when infection, peritoneal contamination, or sepsis is suspected.
moderate doses of IV analgesics (eg, fentanyl 50 to 100 mcg, morphine 4 to 6 mg) do not mask peritoneal signs and, by diminishing anxiety and discomfort, often make examination easier
Patients with suspected perforation and pneumoperitoneum on initial radiographs warrant immediate surgical referral.
Gangrene and perforation of the gut can occur < 6 hours from onset of symptoms in certain conditions (eg, interruption of the intestinal blood supply due to a strangulating obstruction or an arterial embolus).
Peritonitis causes fluid to shift into the peritoneal cavity and bowel, leading to severe dehydration and electrolyte disturbances.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome can develop rapidly. Kidney failure, liver failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation follow. Without treatment, death occurs within days.
Rozdeľte príčiny náhlej brušnej príhody podľa mechanizmu a uveďte príklady.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte varovné znaky (red flags) pri akútnej bolesti brucha a príklady stavov vyžadujúcich okamžitý chirurgický zákrok.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Opíšte úvodný manažment pacienta s náhlou brušnou príhodou.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.