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🫀 Interná medicína · 18
| dekompenzované srdcové zlyhávanie | |
| edém pľúc | oedema pulmonum |
| kardiogénny šok | |
| hypoperfúzia | |
| kongescia | |
| natriuretické peptidy | |
| kľučkové diuretikum | |
| neinvazívna ventilácia |
In another key change in nomenclature, decompensated HF replaces acute HF.
In some patients, heart failure does not suddenly get worse but rather, heart function gradually declines to the point where the heart can no longer compensate for its defects.
Cardiogenic pulmonary edema is acute alveolar flooding caused by pulmonary venous hypertension secondary to severe left ventricular failure.
Increased pulmonary venous pressure--> Increased pulmonary capillary pressure--> fluid in interstitial spaces--> Increased pressure in interstitial spaces--> fluid in alveoli (pulmonary edema)
A decrease in cardiac output stimulates the neuroendocrine system by releasing epinephrine, norepinephrine, endothelin-1 (ET-1), and vasopressin. These mediators cause vasoconstriction, leading to increased afterload.
Although precipitating causes vary by age and country, 30 to 40% of cases result from acute coronary ischemia
Identifying triggers of acute decompensation, including recent infection, noncompliance with cardiac medications, use of NSAIDs, or increased salt intake, is essential.
Acute heart failure is classified phenotypically and further risk-stratified based on the overall severity of illness, alteration in perfusion ("warm" versus "cold"), the presence of congestion ("dry" versus "wet")
Patients with pulmonary edema present with extreme dyspnea, restlessness, and anxiety with a sense of suffocation.
Findings are severe dyspnea, diaphoresis, wheezing, and sometimes blood-tinged frothy sputum.
Hypoperfusion • Cold, sweaty extremities • Pale skin • Dizziness • Mental confusion • Oliguria • Narrow pulse pressure • Elevated serum lactate • Elevated serum creatinine • Elevated aminotransferase
Natriuretic peptide measurement is recommended in patients with suspected HF (interpreted in relation to patient age, obesity and other factors known to affect natriuretic peptide level).
A 12-lead ECG is recommended in patients with suspected HF. Chest radiography (X-ray) is recommended in patients with suspected HF.
Transthoracic echocardiogram is recommended in patients with suspected HF to confirm the diagnosis, differentiate between HF phenotypes and aid in identifying the underlying aetiology of HF.
One of the main changes is that the phenotype of HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF, LVEF 41–49%) has been removed. The two remaining phenotypes are now defined as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF <50%) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥50%).
Oxygen is recommended in patients with SpO2 <90% or PaO2 <60 mmHg to correct hypoxaemia.
Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation should be considered in patients with respiratory distress (respiratory rate >25 breaths/min, SpO2 <90%) and started as soon as possible in order to decrease respiratory distress and reduce the risk of endotracheal intubation.
Intravenous loop diuretics are recommended for all patients with DHF admitted with fluid overload to improve symptoms.
Routine use of opiates is not recommended in patients with DHF unless severe/intractable pain or anxiety, due to risk of harm.
Cardiogenic shock is defined as a primary cardiac disorder that results in both clinical and biochemical evidence of tissue hypoperfusion.
Carbon dioxide retention is a late, ominous sign of secondary hypoventilation.
Complications of HF include: Reduced quality of life Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death Cardiac cachexia Cardiorenal disease Liver dysfunction
Overall combined 5-year survival is estimated at 34%, and 10-year survival at 17%, for patients with after an initial hospitalization for all types of heart failure
Vymenujte príčiny a vyvolávajúce faktory dekompenzovaného (predtým akútneho) srdcového zlyhávania.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte RTG známky pľúcnej kongescie a edému pľúc.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.