Vymenujte štyri skupiny liekov základnej liečby srdcového zlyhávania so zníženou ejekčnou frakciou (HFrEF).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 21
| srdcové zlyhávanie | insufficientia cordis |
| ejekčná frakcia ľavej komory | |
| natriuretický peptid (NT-proBNP) | |
| ortopnoe | orthopnoea |
| paroxyzmálna nočná dušnosť | |
| antagonista mineralokortikoidných receptorov | |
| kongescia | congestio |
The two remaining phenotypes are now defined as HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF; LVEF <50%) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; LVEF ≥50%).
Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) <50% + symptoms and/or signs of HF.
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): LVEF ≥50% + symptoms and/or signs of HF + objective evidence of cardiac structural and/or functional abnormalities.
One of the main changes is that the phenotype of HF with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF, LVEF 41–49%) has been removed.
The etiologies of HF are extensive, though coronary artery disease (CAD) causing ischemic heart disease is the most common cause.
The etiologies can be broadly classified as intrinsic heart disease and pathologies that are infiltrative, congenital, valvular, myocarditis-related, high-output failure, and secondary to systemic disease.
Hypertension causes HF even in the absence of CAD or ischemic heart disease. High blood pressure causes mechanical stress by increased afterload and neurohormonal changes that increase ventricular mass.
The increased sympathetic drive also results in the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) system, systemic vasoconstriction, and sodium retention.
Typical • Dyspnoea • Orthopnoea • Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea • Reduced exercise tolerance • Fatigue, tiredness, increased time to recover after exercise • Ankle oedema
More specific • Elevated jugular venous pressure • Hepatojugular reflux • Third heart sound (gallop rhythm) • Laterally displaced apical impulse
Marked limitation of physical activity. Class III Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity results in undue breathlessness, fatigue, or palpitations.
Identifying triggers of acute decompensation, including recent infection, noncompliance with cardiac medications, use of NSAIDs, or increased salt intake, is essential.
Natriuretic peptide measurement is recommended in patients with suspected HF (interpreted in relation to patient age, obesity and other factors known to affect natriuretic peptide level).
Because very high levels of NT‑proBNP carry a poor prognosis, refer people with suspected heart failure and an NT‑proBNP level more than 2,000 nanogram per litre (236 picomole per litre) urgently, to have specialist assessment and transthoracic echocardiography within 2 weeks.
Transthoracic echocardiogram is recommended in patients with suspected HF to confirm the diagnosis, differentiate between HF phenotypes and aid in identifying the underlying aetiology of HF.
In patients with suspected HF, the following laboratory tests are recommended when screening for comorbidities: full blood count, kidney function (eGFR and UACR), electrolytes, liver function, thyroid function, HbA1c, lipids, and iron status (TSAT and ferritin).
Angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitors or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2-Is) are recommended as foundational medical therapy (FMT) for patients with HFrEF
A SGLT2-I (dapagliflozin or empagliflozin) is recommended in patients with symptomatic HF independent of LVEF to reduce the risk of HFH or CV death. An MRA (sMRA for HFrEF and sMRA/nsMRA for HFpEF) is recommended in patients with symptomatic HF independent of LVEF
Dynamic individualized dosing of loop diuretics according to volume status is recommended in patients with HF and signs and/or symptoms of congestion to alleviate HF symptoms, improve exercise capacity, and reduce the risk of HFH.
NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors are not recommended in patients with HF as they increase the risk of HF worsening and HFH.
Complications of HF include: Reduced quality of life Arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death Cardiac cachexia Cardiorenal disease Liver dysfunction
Functional valvular insufficiencies (eg, functional MR or TR) Mural thrombi and risk of thromboembolism (brain, kidney, lung, major limb vessels)
Recurrent hospitalizations and nosocomial infection
acute or gradual onset of symptoms and/or signs of HF, severe enough to deserve urgent medical attention, leading to an unplanned hospital admission or an emergency department visit or an ambulatory visit, and requiring subsequent initiation or intensification of treatment.
Vymenujte štyri skupiny liekov základnej liečby srdcového zlyhávania so zníženou ejekčnou frakciou (HFrEF).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako sa podľa odporúčaní ESC 2026 delí srdcové zlyhávanie podľa ejekčnej frakcie ľavej komory?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte základné vyšetrenia pri podozrení na chronické srdcové zlyhávanie podľa odporúčania NICE NG106.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.