Vymenujte rizikové faktory kolorektálneho karcinómu (napr.).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 22
| kolorektálny karcinóm | carcinoma colorectale |
| adenokarcinóm | adenocarcinoma |
| adenóm (polyp) hrubého čreva | |
| familiárna adenomatózna polypóza | |
| test na okultné krvácanie do stolice | |
| kolonoskopia | |
| karcinoembryonálny antigén (CEA) |
Colon adenocarcinoma is the predominant colonic malignancy (>90%), with neuroendocrine and gastrointestinal stromal tumors and lymphomas making up most of the rest.
The transition from normal colonic epithelium to dysplasia involves genetic changes that accumulate over time, eventually leading to carcinoma.
Most colon cancer is sporadic (70%). Conditions with known inherited genetic mutations, such as HNPCC and FAP, account for 3% to 5% of cases.
Environment and Lifestyle factors: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, obesity, diets rich in processed red meat, insulin resistance, history of prior radiation, and immunosuppression all increase the risk of this malignancy.
Colon cancer can develop through 3 main genetic pathways: chromosomal instability (CIN), MMR, and the CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP).
Symptoms that trigger diagnostic colonoscopies are rectal bleeding (37%), abdominal pain (34%), and anemia (23%).
Right-sided tumors often present with anemia, while left-sided lesions cause defecation disturbances.
Patients can present with acute surgical emergencies, usually due to tumor-related obstruction, perforation, or bleeding.
A rectal exam is critical and must not be missed in all patients with suspected gastrointestinal malignancy.
Na tento test majú nárok muži a ženy vo veku 50 - 75 rokov, jedenkrát za 2 roky. Pri pozitívnom výsledku absolvujete kolonoskopické vyšetrenie s cieľom zistenia príčiny krvácania.
Colonoscopy should include multiple biopsies of the suspected lesion and tattooing of the peritumoral colon to facilitate intraoperative identification.
CEA is the most commonly used tumor marker for colon cancer and should be measured at baseline. High CEA levels correlate with poor prognosis, and the CEA levels after treatment are useful in detecting disease recurrence.
Chest, abdomen, and pelvic CT scans are recommended for all patients diagnosed with colon cancer.
The goal of surgery is the diseased colonic segment’s en bloc removal with 5-cm margins and lymphadenectomy (mesocolic excision). A minimum of 12 lymph nodes is required for adequate staging.
the standard adjuvant chemotherapy for stage III colon cancer is an oxaliplatin-containing regimen (FOLFOX, XELOX, or FLOX) administered for 6 months. Capecitabine or 5-FU/LV monotherapy should be reserved for patients not considered optimal candidates for oxaliplatin
The programmed death 1 inhibitor pembrolizumab has shown clinical benefit as a first-line therapy for MSI-H or dMMR mCRC
Encorafenib + cetuximab (EC) is approved for previously treated BRAF V600E-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) based on the BEACON phase 3 study.
Complications related to the primary tumor include bleeding, obstruction, perforation, and fistulization to surrounding organs.
More than half of all patients with colorectal cancer develop metastasis, with most tumors metastasizing to the liver (80% to 90%).
Complications of surgery include bleeding, surgical site and organ space infections, anastomotic leaks, injury to surrounding structures like the ureters and duodenum, and longer-term complications like incisional hernias.
Neuropathy was seen in 92% of patients who received FOLFOX4, with 13% being severe but mostly reversible.
by mali po 50. roku života podstúpiť vždy raz za dva roky test na skryté krvácanie do stolice (ak nepatria do niektorej z vysokorizikových skupín) alebo skríningovú kolonoskopiu
Vymenujte rizikové faktory kolorektálneho karcinómu (napr.).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aký je diagnostický postup pri podozrení na kolorektálny karcinóm?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako prebieha skríning kolorektálneho karcinómu na Slovensku?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.