Ako je definovaná pľúcna hypertenzia a jej hemodynamické typy podľa ESC/ERS 2022?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 24
| chronické pľúcne srdce | cor pulmonale chronicum |
| pľúcna hypertenzia | hypertensio pulmonalis |
| pľúcna arteriálna hypertenzia | |
| pravostranná katetrizácia srdca | |
| pľúcna vaskulárna rezistencia | |
| chronická tromboembolická pľúcna hypertenzia | |
| dlhodobá oxygenoterapia |
PH is now defined by a mean PA pressure> 20mm Hg at rest.
Cor pulmonale is right ventricular (RV) enlargement and eventual failure secondary to a lung disorder that causes pulmonary artery hypertension.
Cor pulmonale results from a disorder of the lung or its vasculature; it does not refer to right ventricular (RV) enlargement secondary to left ventricular (LV) failure, a congenital heart disorder (eg, ventricular septal defect), or an acquired valvular disorder.
Chronic cor pulmonale is usually caused by COPD, but there are several less common causes
PH associated with respiratory system disorders due to chronic lung disease with or without hypoxemia is included in group 3.
Other groups of pulmonary hypertension include pulmonary arterial hypertension (group 1), PH due to left heart disease (group 2), PH due to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) (group 4), and other miscellaneous disorders causing PH (group 5) will be discussed separately.
Left heart disease (LHD) is the leading cause, followed by lung disease, particularly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
pulmonary hypertension secondary to lung disease, which can include: Loss of capillary beds (eg, due to bullous changes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD] or thrombosis in pulmonary embolism) Vasoconstriction caused by hypoxia, hypercapnia, or both
The hallmark presenting symptom of pulmonary hypertension is shortness of breath on exertion. Nonspecific symptoms may also be reported, including hemoptysis, fatigue, early exhaustion, palpitations, dizziness, and syncope.
As the disease progresses, symptoms of right-sided heart failure manifest, such as weight gain, edema, abdominal distention, and ascites.
Later, as RV pressures increase, physical signs commonly include a left parasternal systolic lift, a loud pulmonic component of the second heart sound (S2), and murmurs of functional tricuspid and pulmonic insufficiency (regurgitation).
Later, an RV gallop rhythm (S3 and fourth [S4] heart sounds) augmented during inspiration, distended jugular veins (with a dominant a wave unless tricuspid regurgitation is present), hepatomegaly, and lower-extremity edema may occur.
Initial evaluation (usually performed by primary care physicians) should include a comprehensive medical and familial history, thorough physical examination (including blood pressure, heart rate, and pulse oximetry), BNP/NT-proBNP, and resting electrocardiogram.
Transthoracic echocardiography remains the single most crucial noninvasive assessment tool for pulmonary hypertension. However, echocardiographic assessment should only be used to estimate pulmonary hypertension probability. RHC is used for diagnostic confirmation and therapeutic guidance.
updated guidelines in 2022 and further classified PH as pre-capillary PH with pulmonary vascular resistance > 2 wood units and pulmonary wedge pressures less than or equal to 15 and post-capillary PH with pulmonary wedge pressures greater than 15 mmHg.
In the diagnostic algorithm for patients with suspected CTEPD, ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy is the most effective tool to rule out the disease
Treatment of cor pulmonale is difficult; it focuses on the cause (see table Causes of Heart Failure), particularly alleviation or moderation of hypoxia. Early identification and treatment are important before structural changes become irreversible.
In patients with advanced disease with hypoxemia, long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) in patients with COPD has shown a decrease in the progression of PH when used for >15 hours and improvement in PAP when used for >18 hours.
If peripheral edema is present chronically, diuretics may seem appropriate, but they should be used cautiously because small decreases in preload may result in hypotension.
While most vasodilator therapies are not effective and may be harmful, inhaled treprostinil is approved in group 3 PH. Based on the INCREASE trial, the US FDA approved inhaled treprostinil as the first and only treatment for group 3 PH associated with ILD.
Complications of pulmonary hypertension include the following: Right ventricular dysfunction, leading to right heart failure
Tachyarrythmias, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter; ventricular arrhythmias are less common
Hemoptysis Mechanical complications include pulmonary artery aneurysm, dissection, or rupture, and compression of the left main coronary artery, pulmonary veins, main bronchi, and recurrent laryngeal nerves
In chronic cor pulmonale, risk of venous thromboembolism is increased.
Ako je definovaná pľúcna hypertenzia a jej hemodynamické typy podľa ESC/ERS 2022?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte klinické skupiny pľúcnej hypertenzie.
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Aké sú fyzikálne prejavy a princípy liečby cor pulmonale chronicum?
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