Rozdeľte príčiny ikteru podľa mechanizmu a uveďte príklady.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 25
| ikterus (žltačka) | icterus |
| hyperbilirubinémia | hyperbilirubinaemia |
| cholestáza | cholestasis |
| choledocholitiáza | choledocholithiasis |
| Gilbertov syndróm | |
| hemolytická anémia | anaemia haemolytica |
| akútna cholangitída | cholangitis acuta |
| svrbenie | pruritus |
| konjugovaný (priamy) bilirubín | |
| alkalická fosfatáza |
Jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the eyes (scleral icterus) caused by hyperbilirubinemia. Jaundice becomes visible when the bilirubin level is approximately 2 to 3 mg/dL (34 to 51 micromol/L).
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is most often caused by ≥ 1 of the following: Increased production Decreased hepatic uptake Decreased conjugation
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia is most often caused by ≥ 1 of the following: Dysfunction of hepatocytes (hepatocellular dysfunction) Slowing of bile egress from the liver (intrahepatic cholestasis) Obstruction of extrahepatic bile flow (extrahepatic cholestasis)
the most common causes overall are: Inflammatory hepatitis (viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, toxic hepatic injury) Alcohol-related liver disease Biliary obstruction
A personal or family history of recurrent, mild jaundice without findings of hepatobiliary dysfunction suggests a hereditary disorder, usually Gilbert syndrome.
Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia can cause urine to darken before jaundice is visible.
Mild jaundice is best seen by examining the sclerae in natural light
Gradual onset of jaundice with pruritus, weight loss, and clay-colored stools suggests intrahepatic or extrahepatic cholestasis.
Ascending cholangitis is suggested by fever and marked, continuous right upper quadrant abdominal pain
Blood tests include measurement of total and direct bilirubin, aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase levels in all patients.
Hepatocellular dysfunction: Marked aminotransferase elevation (> 500 U/L [8.35 microkat/L]) and moderate alkaline phosphatase elevation (< 3 times normal) Cholestasis: Moderate aminotransferase elevation (< 200 U/L [3.34 microkat/L]) and marked alkaline phosphatase elevation (> 3 times normal)
Imaging is performed if pain suggests extrahepatic obstruction or cholangitis or if blood test results suggest cholestasis. Abdominal ultrasound is usually performed first; usually, it is highly accurate in detecting extrahepatic obstruction.
ERCP is more invasive but allows treatment of some obstructive lesions (eg, stone removal, stenting of strictures).
The cause and any complications are treated. Jaundice itself requires no treatment in adults
Itching, if bothersome, may be relieved with cholestyramine 2 to 8 g orally twice a day. However, cholestyramine is ineffective in patients with complete biliary obstruction.
Patients with moderate to severe pruritis respond to bile acid sequestrants such as cholestyramine or colestipol. Other less effective therapies include rifampin, naltrexone, sertraline, or phenobarbital.
Hepatic dysfunction can result in coagulopathy, encephalopathy, and portal hypertension (which can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding).
the toxic effects are limited to neonates due to the poorly developed blood-brain barrier. High levels of bilirubin are neurotoxic and can lead to permanent neurologic injury (kernicterus)
As a general rule, malignant biliary obstructions and cirrhosis with jaundice predict a poorer prognosis.
Rozdeľte príčiny ikteru podľa mechanizmu a uveďte príklady.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako laboratórne odlíšite hepatocelulárny a cholestatický ikterus?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Čo naznačujú tieto klinické situácie pri ikteri: a) akútny ikterus u mladého po prodromoch, b) opakovaný mierny ikterus v rodine, c) postupný ikterus so svrbením a acholickou stolicou, d) nebolestivý ikterus u staršieho s úbytkom hmotnosti, e) horúčka a trvalá bolesť v pravom podrebrí?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.