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🫀 Interná medicína · 26
| myokarditída | myocarditis |
| dilatačná kardiomyopatia | cardiomyopathia dilatativa |
| hypertrofická kardiomyopatia | cardiomyopathia hypertrophica |
| reštrikčná kardiomyopatia | cardiomyopathia restrictiva |
| obrovskobunková myokarditída | |
| endomyokardiálna biopsia | |
| neskoré sýtenie gadolíniom | |
| obštrukcia výtokového traktu ľavej komory | |
| náhla srdcová smrť | |
| nedilatačná kardiomyopatia ľavej komory |
Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, usually with necrosis of cardiac myocytes.
Cardiomyopathies are primary disorders of the myocardium not attributable to coronary artery disease, abnormal loading conditions (eg, valvular abnormalities, hypertension), or congenital heart disease.
Myocarditis may be caused by many disorders (eg, infection, cardiotoxins, medications, and systemic disorders such as sarcoidosis) but is often idiopathic.
They are morpho-functionally classified as hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy with the addition of the left ventricular non-dilated cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common monogenic cardiac disorder with an estimated prevalence of 1:200 to 1:500 adults
Acquired etiologies include infections (eg, coxsackievirus B, Trypanosoma cruzi in endemic regions), toxins (eg, alcohol, cardiotoxic chemotherapeutic agents), tachycardia-mediated cardiomyopathy, and systemic disorders
Patients may be minimally symptomatic or have fulminant heart failure and fatal arrhythmias.
Complicated myocarditis AM and ≥1 of the following:28 • LVEF <50% on echocardiogram • Sustained ventricular arrhythmias • Advanced heart block • Heart failure • Cardiogenic shock
Symptoms include dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, syncope, and sudden death. A systolic murmur, increased by Valsalva maneuver, is typically present in patients with obstructive HCM.
Patients typically present with clinical heart failure: exertional dyspnea, fatigue, and signs of congestion, including peripheral edema.
The stepwise diagnostic approach begins with recognition of the clinical syndrome of myocarditis, with initial testing including a cardiac troponin, a complete blood count, an echocardiogram, and an electrocardiogram
Depending on the individual case and risk (see Section 4), definitive diagnosis of myocarditis can be based on CMR (Figure 4) or EMB (Table 5).
EMB is recommended in patients with high-risk myocarditis and/or haemodynamic instability, and/or in patients with intermediate-risk myocarditis not responding to conventional therapy in order to detect a specific histologic subtype and to assess the presence of viral genome for treatment.
In adults, a maximal diastolic left ventricular (LV) wall thickness ≥ 15 mm determined by echocardiography or MRI, in the absence of an alternative cause, is considered diagnostic
Hemodynamic or electrical instability is treated first, with invasive therapies when necessary. Heart failure is managed medically once stable.
Routine use of immunosuppressive therapy is not recommended in acute myocarditis with preserved LV function because no outcome benefit has been shown.
Pharmacological treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients does not differ from those recommended in chronic HF.
Cardiac myosin inhibitors (mavacamten) should be considered in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy.
In some cases, myocarditis can lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.
Scar-related VA can occur at any time during follow-up, even after inflammation resolution.
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is highly prevalent among patients with HCM, largely due to progressive atrial remodeling and fibrosis, and its incidence increases with advancing age
Ventricular dilation and reduced contractility predispose to intracardiac thrombus formation due to stasis of blood. Atrial fibrillation frequently develops in the setting of left atrial enlargement (2), and ventricular arrhythmias may occur
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Kedy je pri myokarditíde indikovaná endomyokardiálna biopsia (podľa ESC 2025)?
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