Opíšte fázy klinického priebehu akútnej vírusovej hepatitídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 27
| akútna vírusová hepatitída | hepatitis viralis acuta |
| akútne zlyhanie pečene | |
| hepatálna encefalopatia | encephalopathia hepatica |
| žltačka (ikterus) | icterus |
| fekálno-orálny prenos | |
| povrchový antigén vírusu hepatitídy B (HBsAg) | |
| N-acetylcysteín | acetylcysteinum |
| transplantácia pečene | |
| edém mozgu | oedema cerebri |
Acute viral hepatitis is diffuse liver inflammation caused by specific hepatotropic viruses that have diverse modes of transmission and epidemiologies.
The term acute viral hepatitis often refers to infection of the liver by one of the hepatitis viruses. Other viruses (eg, Epstein-Barr virus, yellow fever virus, cytomegalovirus, and adeno-associated virus) (1) can also cause acute viral hepatitis, but less commonly.
Transmission is the fecal-oral route for hepatitis A and E parenterally or via blood for hepatitis B and C.
Etiologies vary by region, with acetaminophen toxicity leading in the West, and viral hepatitis A and E more common in the Asia-Pacific.
Other causes include autoimmune hepatitis, metastatic liver infiltration, heatstroke, and sepsis.
Prodromal (pre-icteric) phase: Nonspecific symptoms occur; they include profound anorexia, malaise, nausea and vomiting, a newly developed distaste for cigarettes (in people who smoke), and often fever or right upper quadrant abdominal pain.
Icteric phase: After 3 to 10 days, the urine darkens, followed by jaundice. Systemic symptoms often regress, and patients feel better despite worsening jaundice.
The liver is usually enlarged and tender, but the edge of the liver remains soft and smooth. Mild splenomegaly occurs in some patients.
Anicteric hepatitis (hepatitis without jaundice) occurs more often than icteric hepatitis in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and in children with hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection
ALT is typically higher than AST, but absolute levels correlate poorly with clinical severity.
Alkaline phosphatase is usually only moderately elevated; marked elevation suggests extrahepatic cholestasis and prompts imaging tests (eg, ultrasound).
Hepatitis A virus: IgM antibody to HAV (IgM anti-HAV) (acute infection); total anti‑HAV (immunity) Hepatitis B virus: Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and IgM antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti-HBc)
If laboratory results suggest acute hepatitis, particularly if ALT and AST are > 1000 IU/L (16.7 microkat/L), PT/INR is measured to assess liver synthetic function of clotting factors.
Patients with acute HCV infection should be treated with antiviral therapy upon initial diagnosis.
Most adults with acute hepatitis B recover spontaneously and require only supportive care. Antiviral therapy is recommended only for severe cases, including acute liver failure or significant hepatic dysfunction, with tenofovir or entecavir as the preferred agents.
Whenever possible, patients should be treated in an intensive care unit at a center capable of liver transplantation.
N-acetylcysteine functions as the first-line treatment for paracetamol-induced acute liver failure
Most cases resolve spontaneously, but some progress to chronic hepatitis. Occasionally, acute viral hepatitis progresses to acute liver failure
rapid deterioration of liver function in patients without prior liver disease or cirrhosis. Defined by the presence of hepatic encephalopathy and an INR ≥1.5 within 26 weeks of symptom onset
Cerebral edema is common among patients with severe encephalopathy secondary to acute liver failure; uncal herniation is possible and usually fatal.
Hypoglycemia is very common in ALF, and close monitoring of blood sugar levels is advised
Opíšte fázy klinického priebehu akútnej vírusovej hepatitídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sérologické a molekulové vyšetrenia indikujete pri podozrení na akútnu vírusovú hepatitídu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Definujte akútne zlyhanie pečene a uveďte základné princípy liečby.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.