Rozdeľte anémie podľa MCV a uveďte príklady príčin.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 28
| anémia | anaemia |
| sideropenická anémia | anaemia sideropenica |
| megaloblastová anémia | anaemia megaloblastica |
| perniciózna anémia | anaemia perniciosa |
| hemolytická anémia | anaemia haemolytica |
| stredný objem erytrocytu (MCV) | |
| feritín | |
| haptoglobín | |
| priamy antiglobulínový (Coombsov) test | |
| subakútna kombinovaná degenerácia miechy | degeneratio combinata subacuta medullae spinalis |
Anemia is characterized by a reduction in the circulating red blood cell (RBC) mass, reflected by decreased hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, or RBC count.
Anemia is not a diagnosis; it is a manifestation of an underlying disorder. Thus, even mild, asymptomatic anemia should be investigated so that the primary problem can be diagnosed and treated.
An RPI of 2 or greater indicates an appropriate marrow response and suggests hemolysis or acute blood loss. An RPI less than 2 indicates a hypoproliferative marrow response that fails to compensate adequately for the anemia.
RBC populations are termed microcytic (small cells) if MCV is < 80 fL, and macrocytic (large cells) if MCV is > 100 fL.
The disorder results from depleted iron stores due to inadequate dietary intake, impaired absorption (celiac disease, Helicobacter pylori infection, postbariatric surgical procedures), increased physiologic demand (pregnancy, growth), or chronic blood loss (gastrointestinal tract or menstrual).
Megaloblastic anemias result most often from deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate.
Fatigue, weakness, exercise intolerance, and dyspnea on exertion are the most common presenting concerns.
Symptoms are generally more pronounced in patients with limited cardiopulmonary reserve or when the anemia develops very rapidly.
Systemic manifestations of hemolytic anemias resemble those of other anemias and include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, and weakness. Scleral icterus and/or jaundice may occur, and the spleen may enlarge.
Neurologic manifestations, including peripheral neuropathy and gait instability, are unique to vitamin B12 deficiency and can be permanent if prolonged. Paresthesias can be the presenting manifestation of B12 deficiency, even before (or in the absence of) anemia.
History and physical examination are followed by laboratory testing with a complete blood count, reticulocyte count, and peripheral smear.
We recommend that iron deficiency should be confirmed by iron studies prior to investigation. Serum ferritin is the single most useful marker of IDA
We recommend that initial investigation of confirmed IDA should include urinalysis or urine microscopy, screening for coeliac disease (CD) and in appropriate cases, endoscopic examination of the upper and lower GI tract
Confirm hemolysis with the hemolytic markers panel: elevated lactate dehydrogenase, elevated indirect or unconjugated bilirubin, decreased or undetectable haptoglobin, and elevated reticulocyte count.
We recommend that the initial treatment of IDA should be with one tablet per day of ferrous sulphate, fumarate or gluconate. If not tolerated, a reduced dose of one tablet every other day, alternative oral preparations or parenteral iron should be considered
treatment should be continued for a period of around 3 months after normalisation of the Hb level, to ensure adequate repletion of the marrow iron stores
We recommend that parenteral iron should be considered when oral iron is contraindicated, ineffective or not tolerated.
Always exclude vitamin B12 deficiency prior to supplementation with folate. Failure to do so can mask a concomitant B12 deficiency by improving the anemia and lead to progression of neurologic complications.
Chest pain and exertional angina occur particularly in patients with underlying coronary artery disease; they may precipitate acute coronary syndrome when hemoglobin is less than 7 to 8 g/dL.
Rarely, high-output heart failure develops as a compensatory response to anemia-induced tissue hypoxia.
Thrombosis increases with many forms of hemolytic anemia.
Hemolytic crisis (acute, severe hemolysis) is uncommon; it may be accompanied by chills, fever, back and abdominal pain, and shock.
Rozdeľte anémie podľa MCV a uveďte príklady príčin.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte laboratórne známky hemolýzy a význam priameho antiglobulínového testu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako liečite sideropenickú anémiu perorálnym železom a kedy volíte intravenóznu formu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.