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🫀 Interná medicína · 29
| akútna perikarditída | pericarditis acuta |
| konstriktívna perikarditída | pericarditis constrictiva |
| srdcová tamponáda | tamponada cordis |
| perikardiálny výpotok | |
| pulsus paradoxus | pulsus paradoxus |
| perikardiocentéza | |
| infekčná endokarditída | endocarditis infectiosa |
| vegetácia | |
| hemokultúra | |
| transezofageálna echokardiografia |
Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardium , often with fluid accumulation in the pericardial space.
Infective endocarditis is infection of the endocardium, usually with bacteria (commonly, streptococci or staphylococci) or fungi.
Infectious pericarditis is most often viral or idiopathic (often presumed to be viral) in North America and Western Europe (1). Tuberculosis, on the other hand, is the most common cause in regions where it is endemic.
Acute pericarditis may result from infection, autoimmune or inflammatory disorders, uremia, injury or surgery, myocardial infarction (MI), cancer, radiation therapy, or certain medications
Thus, 2 factors are typically required for endocarditis: A predisposing abnormality of the endocardium Microorganisms in the bloodstream (eg, bacteremia) Massive bacteremia or particularly virulent microorganisms (eg, Staphylococcus aureus) cause endocarditis on normal valves.
Major predisposing factors are congenital heart defects, rheumatic valvular disease, bicuspid aortic valves, calcific aortic valves, mitral valve prolapse, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and prior endocarditis. Prosthetic valves and other intracardiac devices are a particular risk.
Unlike chest pain due to ischemia, pain due to pericarditis is usually aggravated by thoracic motion, cough, breathing, or swallowing food; it may be relieved by sitting up and leaning forward.
The most important physical finding is a triphasic or a systolic and diastolic precordial friction rub. However, the rub is often intermittent and evanescent
However, neck veins are markedly dilated. Severe cardiac tamponade is nearly always accompanied by a fall of > 10 mm Hg in systolic blood pressure during inspiration (pulsus paradoxus).
painful erythematous subcutaneous nodules on or near the tips of digits (Osler nodes), nontender hemorrhagic macules or papules on the palms or soles (Janeway lesions), and splinter hemorrhages under the nails
The definite clinical diagnosis can be made with a clinical presentation and more than one additional criterion (Table 4).
Unlike myocardial infarction, acute pericarditis does not cause reciprocal depression in ST segments (except in leads aVR and V1), and there are no pathologic Q waves.
At least three sets of blood cultures should be obtained at 30-minute intervals prior to antibiotic therapy, each containing 10 mL of blood, and should be incubated in both aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres.
TOE is recommended in all patients with clinical suspicion of IE and a negative or non-diagnostic TTE. I B TOE is recommended in patients with clinical suspicion of IE, when a prosthetic heart valve or an intracardiac device is present.
Table 13 Specific initial dosing and duration of therapy for acute and recurrent pericarditis Therapy Dosing Durationa Taperinga Aspirinb 750–1000 mg 3 times daily 1–2 weeks Decrease by 250 mg every 1–2 weeks Ibuprofenb 600–800 mg 3 times daily 1–2 weeks Decrease by 200 mg every 1–2 weeks
Colchicine is recommended to prevent recurrence. Consider at least 3 months for the first episode of pericarditis and at least 6 months for incessant/recurrent cases. Colchicine to be withdrawn as last drug only after stable remission.
For cardiac tamponade, immediate pericardiocentesis (see figure Pericardiocentesis) is performed; removal of even a small volume of fluid may be lifesaving.
There are three main reasons to undergo surgery in the setting of acute IE: HF, uncontrolled infection, and prevention of septic embolization
The most common and problematic complication of pericarditis is RP, which affects 20%–30% of patients not treated with colchicine. About 10% of patients may present with continued symptoms without clinical remission. Such cases have been labelled as ‘incessant’
For instance, the risk of CP is low after presumed viral/idiopathic pericarditis, intermediate for immune-mediated aetiologies, as well as PCIS and neoplastic pericarditis (2%–5%), and high for bacterial pericarditis (20%–30%), especially if purulent.
About 35% of patients have central nervous system (CNS) effects, including transient ischemic attacks, stroke, toxic encephalopathy (due to infective microemboli), and, if a mycotic CNS aneurysm ruptures, brain abscess and subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Sudden, severe valvular regurgitation, causing heart failure and death (usually due to lesions of the mitral valve or the aortic valve)
Aspirin/NSAID full dose is recommended for patients with normal or mildly reduced renal function. For those with moderate to severe renal impairment, dose adjustment or use of corticosteroids is recommended.
Vymenujte klinické známky srdcovej tamponády a jej liečbu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.