Vymenujte najčastejšie a menej časté príčiny chronickej hepatitídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 30
| chronická hepatitída | hepatitis chronica |
| vírus hepatitídy B | |
| vírus hepatitídy C | |
| autoimunitná hepatitída | |
| cirhóza pečene | cirrhosis hepatis |
| hepatocelulárny karcinóm | carcinoma hepatocellulare |
| priamo pôsobiace antivirotiká | |
| aminotransferázy |
Hepatitis lasting > 6 months is generally defined as chronic, although this duration is arbitrary.
Common causes include hepatitis B and C viruses, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), alcohol-related liver disease, and autoimmune liver disease (autoimmune hepatitis).
Hepatitis B infection acquired in adulthood leads to chronic hepatitis in less than 5% of cases, whereas infection in infancy and early childhood leads to chronic hepatitis in about 95% of cases.
Although the mechanism of chronicity is uncertain, liver injury is mostly determined by the patient’s immune reaction to the infection.
Many medications, including isoniazid, methotrexate, methyldopa, nitrofurantoin, tamoxifen, amiodarone, and rarely acetaminophen, can cause chronic hepatitis.
Many patients are asymptomatic, regardless of the etiology. However, malaise, anorexia, and fatigue are common, sometimes with nonspecific upper abdominal discomfort. Jaundice is usually absent.
Many patients have no history of acute hepatitis, and the first indication is discovery of asymptomatic aminotransferase elevations. Some patients present with cirrhosis or its complications (eg, portal hypertension).
In autoimmune hepatitis, especially in young women, manifestations may involve virtually any body system and can include acne, amenorrhea, arthralgia, ulcerative colitis, pulmonary fibrosis, thyroiditis, nephritis, and hemolytic anemia.
Chronic hepatitis C is occasionally associated with lichen planus, cutaneous vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, porphyria cutanea tarda, mixed cryoglobulinemia, and, perhaps, non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma.
If laboratory results are compatible with hepatitis, viral serologic tests are performed to exclude viral hepatitis (B, C, and sometimes E for chronic hepatitis). Unless these tests indicate viral etiology, further testing is required.
ALT is usually higher than AST. Aminotransferase levels can be normal during chronic hepatitis if the disease is quiescent, particularly with HCV infection and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
Diagnosis is confirmed by finding positive hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and IgG antibody to hepatitis B core (IgG anti-HBc) and negative IgM anti-HBc (see table Hepatitis B Serology) and by measuring hepatitis B virus DNA (quantitative HBV-DNA).
If the test is positive for anti-HCV antibodies, a nucleic acid test for HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) is needed to confirm chronic infection and the need for treatment.
WHO recommends therapy with pan-genotypic direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) for all adults, adolescents and children down to 3 years of age with chronic hepatitis C infection.
Chronic hepatitis B infection can be treated with oral medicines, including tenofovir or entecavir.
Without treatment, cases caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV) can resolve (uncommon), progress rapidly, or progress slowly to cirrhosis over decades.
The remaining 70% (55–85%) of persons will develop chronic HCV infection. Of those with chronic HCV infection, the risk of cirrhosis ranges from 15% to 30% within 20 years.
Coinfection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) causes the most severe form of chronic HBV infection, with 2 to 4 times the rate of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and mortality compared with HBV alone
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection even in the absence of cirrhosis increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Vymenujte najčastejšie a menej časté príčiny chronickej hepatitídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako interpretujete sérologické markery HBV pri akútnej, chronickej a prekonanej infekcii?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú princípy liečby chronickej hepatitídy B a C podľa WHO?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.