Definujte leukocytózu a hyperleukocytózu a vymenujte typy leukocytózy podľa prevládajúcej bunky.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 31
| leukopénia | leucopenia |
| leukocytóza | leucocytosis |
| neutropénia | neutropenia |
| agranulocytóza | agranulocytosis |
| neutrofília | |
| eozinofília | |
| leukemoidná reakcia | |
| leukostáza |
Leukopenia is a reduction in the circulating white blood cell (WBC) count to < 4000/mcL
It is usually the consequence of a reduced number of circulating neutrophils
Leukocytosis refers to an age-appropriate increase in the white blood cell (WBC) count. In adults, a WBC count exceeding 11,000 cells/µL is generally considered leukocytosis
Leukocytosis is classified according to the predominant elevated cell type.
Neutrophilia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count at least 2 standard deviations above the mean, or greater than 7700 cells/µL in adults, and represents the most common cause of leukocytosis.
Infection, most commonly bacterial, is a frequent cause.
Additional causes include myeloproliferative neoplasms, asplenia, cigarette smoking, physiologic stress, pregnancy, obesity, thyroid disorders, Down syndrome, nonhematologic malignancies, and medications such as glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and lithium.
Infectious causes of lymphocytosis are generally viral, including EBV, cytomegalovirus, influenza, measles, mumps, rubella, adenovirus, and Coxsackie virus. Certain bacterial infections, such as pertussis and cat scratch disease, can also cause lymphocytosis.
Potential causes include hypersensitivity reactions, leukemia, physiologic stress, asplenia, thymoma, and lymphoma.
an absolute eosinophil count (AEC) of more than 500 cells/µL defines eosinophilia
Common causes include allergic conditions such as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis, which are typically associated with mild eosinophilia.
Infectious causes of eosinophilia include helminths, fungi, protozoa, certain bacterial infections, HIV, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and scabies.
Frequently associated agents include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), allopurinol, phenytoin, penicillins, cephalosporins, and sulfasalazine
Secondary neutropenia can result from use of certain medications, bone marrow infiltration or replacement, certain infections, or immune reactions.
Drug-induced neutropenia is one of the most common causes of neutropenia.
Due to suppression of bone marrow production, severe dose-related neutropenia occurs predictably after administration of cytotoxic cancer medications, phenothiazine, or radiation therapy.
It may result from aminopyrine, clozapine, propylthiouracil and other antithyroid medications, penicillin, or other antibiotics.
Neutropenia due to ineffective bone marrow production can occur in megaloblastic anemias caused by vitamin B12 deficiency or folate deficiency.
Hypersplenism of any cause can lead to moderate neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia.
Neutropenia is a reduction in blood neutrophil count to < 1500/mcL
Severity of neutropenia relates to the relative risk of infection and is classified as follows: Mild: 1000 to 1500/mcL
Moderate: 500 to 1000/mcL
Severe: < 500/mcL
The risk of infection is proportional to the severity of neutropenia
Neutropenia is asymptomatic until infection develops. Fever is often the only indication of infection. If neutropenia is severe, typical signs of focal inflammation (erythema, swelling, pain, infiltrates) may be muted or absent.
Another recognized form of hereditary neutropenia is Duffy antigen null neutropenia (formerly termed benign ethnic neutropenia), which is associated with low neutrophil count (<1,500 cells/μL) without an increased infectious risk.
This is a diagnosis of exclusion but is also one of the most common causes of neutropenia in people of African, Arabic, Yeminite Jew, and West Caribbean descent.
A leukemoid reaction is a transient and marked increase in WBC count, and is typically characterized by a neutrophil count greater than 50,000 cells/µL without a myeloproliferative neoplasm.
in contrast to the predominance of mature neutrophils seen in a leukemoid reaction
The initial step in evaluating a patient with leukocytosis is to obtain a WBC differential and review prior CBCs for any noticeable trends. A peripheral smear should then be assessed, with a manual differential performed if the automated differential is abnormal.
Platelet clumping, where aggregate platelets are counted as white blood cells Fibrin clumps Cryoproteinemia
A spurious leukopenia may occur due to white blood cell clumping.
Patients with a WBC count greater than 100,000 cells/µL warrant urgent hematologic consultation.
If no obvious cause is identified (eg, chemotherapy), the most important test is Bone marrow examination
Bone marrow examination determines whether neutropenia is due to decreased marrow production or is secondary to increased cell destruction
Management of leukocytosis is guided by the underlying cause. Many patients do not require specific therapy. Some patients can be treated with observation and serial CBCs, whereas others may require treatment for infections, autoimmune conditions, endocrine disorders, or malignancies.
Leukostasis is most commonly associated with AML, but can rarely occur in CLL and ALL. Clinicians use chemotherapy, leukapheresis, and supportive medications to treat leukostasis and prevent decompensation.
Treatment of associated conditions (eg, infections, stomatitis) Antibiotic treatment or prophylaxis, if bacterial infection is likely Myeloid growth factors Discontinuation of suspected etiologic agent (eg, medication)
Treatment with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is used to stimulate neutrophil production and prevent bacterial infections after cancer chemotherapy and with severe chronic neutropenia.
If fever or hypotension is present, serious infection is assumed, and empiric, high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotics are given IV.
Hyperleukocytosis may constitute a medical emergency when accompanied by symptoms and evidence of tissue hypoxia.
Leukostasis refers to symptoms associated with hyperleukocytosis that primarily affect the central nervous system and lungs
Patients often present with fever, dyspnea, hypoxia, and central nervous system symptoms such as visual changes, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, gait instability, confusion, somnolence, and, occasionally, coma.
Patients with hyperleukocytosis are at an increased risk for disseminated intravascular coagulation due to increased thrombin formation and excessive fibrinolysis.
The primary complications of neutropenia are recurrent and fatal bacterial, viral, and fungal infections.
When neutrophil counts fall to < 500/mcL, endogenous microbial flora (eg, in the mouth or gut) can cause infections.
Another major concern is the development of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia, the risk of which is especially high in congenital neutropenias
Definujte leukocytózu a hyperleukocytózu a vymenujte typy leukocytózy podľa prevládajúcej bunky.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Uveďte klasifikáciu neutropénie podľa počtu neutrofilov.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte príklady liekov, ktoré môžu vyvolať neutropéniu alebo agranulocytózu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.