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🫀 Interná medicína · 32
| disekcia aorty | dissectio aortae |
| aneuryzma brušnej aorty | aneurysma aortae abdominalis |
| akútny aortálny syndróm | |
| intramurálny hematóm | |
| penetrujúci aterosklerotický vred | |
| koarktácia aorty | coarctatio aortae |
| endovaskulárna liečba aneuryzmy (EVAR/TEVAR) |
Acute aortic syndromes are life-threatening emergencies, including classic acute aortic dissection (AAD), intramural hematoma (IMH), penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU), aortic pseudo-aneurysm, and traumatic aortic injuries (TAI).
An AAA is defined as a focal dilation at least 1.5 times its normal diameter, generally ≥30 mm.
Chronic severe hypertension is the most common risk factor associated with AAS.
Common predisposing factors for AAS include: Hypertension Smoking Hyperlipidemia Cocaine use Connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Turner syndrome Congenital cardiovascular anomalies such as bicuspid aortic valve and coarctation of the aorta
Vascular inflammation from autoimmune causes, eg, giant cell arteritis, or infection, eg, syphilis Trauma, particularly from acceleration-deceleration injuries Iatrogenic damage, such as from catheter insertion and valvular or aortic surgery
Risk factors for AAAs include atherosclerosis (the most common), smoking, advanced age, male sex, White race, family history of AAA, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and prior history of aortic dissection.
Those of the non White race and those with diabetes are associated with a reduced risk for AAA.
Conditions such as Marfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Loeys-Dietz syndrome result in altered elastic fiber meshwork, predisposing individuals to aneurysms and dissections.
Bicuspid aortic valves (BAV), the most common congenital heart defect (0.5%–2% of live births), besides being a risk factor for aortic valve disease, is associated with a peculiar form of aortopathy
The classic presentation is a sudden, severe, tearing pain that often reaches maximum intensity within minutes.
The location of the pain may vary, typically appearing in the anterior chest for dissections involving the ascending aorta and in the back for those involving the descending aorta.
Additionally, the pain may migrate as the dissection extends distally.
Blood pressure discrepancies greater than 20 mm Hg between arms, a pulse deficit, or wide pulse pressure are red flags in the physical exam.
Still, classical signs like blood pressure discrepancies between the upper extremities, pulse deficits, or a diastolic murmur are found in less than 50% of confirmed acute aortic dissection cases.
The presence of chest pain with neurological deficits (such as stroke-like symptoms, limb weakness, or paresthesia), the combination of chest and abdominal pain, or chest pain with syncope should all prompt suspicion of acute aortic dissection.
Hypertension is common in acute aortic dissection, but hypotension is a grave sign, often indicating aortic rupture or cardiac tamponade.
Most abdominal aortic aneurysms are incidentally identified during examinations for other unrelated pathologies, and most individuals are asymptomatic. Palpation of the abdomen usually reveals a nontender, pulsatile abdominal mass.
Most patients may present in shock, often exhibiting diffuse abdominal pain and distension.
ECG-gated CCT from neck to pelvis is recommended as the first-line imaging technique in patients with a suspected AAS since it is widely available, accurate, and provides information about the entry tear, extension, and possible complications (malperfusion, dilatation, or rupture). (I/C)
In patients with suspected AAS, TOE is recommended to guide peri-operative management and detect complications. (I/C)
is less reliable for diagnosing aortic dissections due to poor visualization of the distal aorta but is beneficial for evaluating patients with acute aortic syndromes and assessing complications such as aortic regurgitation, left ventricular dysfunction, and pericardial effusion
However, D-dimer lacks specificity and should not be used as a standalone test, but it may help rule out the condition in low-risk patients.
A high-risk ADD-RS score, combined with elevated D-dimer, increases the likelihood of AAD and may justify immediate imaging.
The diagnosis of an abdominal aortic aneurysm is usually made using ultrasound
However, a computed tomography (CT) scan remains necessary to determine other vessels' exact location, size, and involvement and is the preferred imaging modality for symptomatic individuals.
Immediate AAS management focuses on reducing systolic blood pressure below 120 mm Hg and slowing the rate of blood pressure change (dP/dt) to halt dissection or prevent rupture.
Intravenous β-blockers, such as labetalol, are the mainstay of medical management, with nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers as alternatives for patients intolerant of β-blockers.
Beta blockers should be used with caution in the setting of acute aortic regurgitation, where compensatory tachycardia may be beneficial for maintaining cardiac output.
AAD involving the ascending aorta is a surgical emergency traditionally managed with an open approach.
In patients with acute TAAD presenting with malperfusion (cerebral, mesenteric, lower limb, or renal), immediate aortic surgery is recommended. (I/B)
In patients with complicated acute TBAD, emergency intervention is recommended. (I/B) In patients with complicated acute TBAD, TEVAR is recommended as the first-line therapy. (I/B)
Uncomplicated type B dissections are typically managed with aggressive blood pressure and heart rate control.
In patients with uncomplicated acute TBAD, TEVAR in the subacute phase (between 14 and 90 days) should be considered in selected patients with high-risk features
Elective repair is recommended if AAA diameter is ≥55 mm in men or ≥50 mm in women. (I/A) In ruptured AAA with suitable anatomy, endovascular repair is recommended over open repair to reduce peri-operative morbidity and mortality. (I/B)
Another novelty is the recommendation for elective repair in patients with saccular aneurysms
The previously advocated use of beta-blocker therapy has been disproven for the sole purpose of reducing the risk of AAA expansion and rupture.
type A aortic dissection displaying up to a 2% per hour increase in mortality during the first 48 hours
Common complications of aortic dissection include: Multiorgan failure Stroke Myocardial infarction Paraplegia Renal failure Amputation of extremities Bowel ischemia Tamponade Acute aortic regurgitation Compression of superior vena cava Death
These individual entities can progress from one to the other or coexist at presentation.
PAU may result in aortic rupture or visceral ischemia in severe cases.
Accordingly, larger aneurysms are at a higher risk of rupture, and the presence of hypertension also increases this risk.
More than 50% of patients succumb before they reach the emergency room, and those who do survive have very high morbidity.
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Aké sú indikácie na liečbu nerupturovanej aneuryzmy brušnej aorty?
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