Aké parametre používa Child-Pughova klasifikácia a skóre MELD?
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🫀 Interná medicína · 33
| cirhóza pečene | cirrhosis hepatis |
| portálna hypertenzia | hypertensio portalis |
| ascites | ascites |
| pažerákové varixy | varices oesophageae |
| hepatálna encefalopatia | encephalopathia hepatica |
| spontánna bakteriálna peritonitída | |
| hepatorenálny syndróm | |
| hepatocelulárny karcinóm | carcinoma hepatocellulare |
Cirrhosis is a late stage of hepatic fibrosis that has resulted in widespread distortion of normal hepatic architecture. Cirrhosis is characterized by regenerative nodules surrounded by dense fibrotic tissue.
The natural history of cirrhosis is characterised by an asymptomatic compensated phase followed by a decompensated phase, marked by the development of overt clinical signs, the most frequent of which are ascites, bleeding, encephalopathy, and jaundice.
In the United States, most cases result from chronic alcohol use, chronic viral hepatitis C, or metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis [NASH])
In some parts of Asia and Africa, cirrhosis often results from endemic chronic hepatitis B
Other causes of cirrhosis include autoimmune hepatitis, primary biliary cholangitis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, Budd-Chiari syndrome, drug-induced liver cirrhosis, and chronic right-sided heart failure.
Cirrhosis may be asymptomatic for years as long as it is compensated. Often, the first symptoms are nonspecific; they include generalized fatigue (due to cytokine release), anorexia, malaise, and weight loss
signs that suggest a chronic liver disorder or chronic alcohol use but are not specific for cirrhosis include muscle wasting, palmar erythema, parotid gland enlargement, white ("Terry") nails, clubbing, Dupuytren contracture, spider angiomas, gynecomastia, axillary hair loss, testicular atrophy
signs of portal hypertension (ascites, splenomegaly, caput medusae, Cruveilhier-Baumgarten murmur- epigastric venous hum)
Hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by asterixis, confusion, or hepatic coma
Diagnosis is usually made using noninvasive imaging, although liver biopsy is required on rare occasions.
Decreased serum albumin and a prolonged prothrombin time (PT) directly reflect impaired hepatic synthesis—usually an end-stage event.
The Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) scoring or classification uses serum albumin, bilirubin, PT, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy to classify patients with cirrhosis into classes A, B, and C.
The diagnosis of SBP is based on neutrophil count in ascitic fluid of >250/mm3 (II-2;1).
All alcohol and hepatotoxic medications must be avoided.
Patients with compensated cirrhosis who have clinically significant portal hypertension should be started on a nonselective beta-blocker to prevent decompensation
Thus, if the MELD score is ≥ 15, if the patient's HCC meets the criteria for an exception to the usual MELD score criterion, or if cirrhosis has decompensated clinically, patients should be referred to a transplantation center.
Portal hypertension is the most common serious complication of cirrhosis, and it, in turn, causes complications, including: Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding from esophageal, gastric, or rectal varices
Once any complication of cirrhosis develops, additional decompensation (characterized by gastrointestinal bleeding, ascites, or hepatic encephalopathy) is much more likely.
decompensation represents a prognostic watershed, as the median survival drops from more than 12 years for compensated cirrhosis to about two years for decompensated cirrhosis.
Hepatocellular carcinoma frequently complicates cirrhosis from any cause (justifying clinical surveillance).
A moderate restriction of sodium intake (80–120 mmol/ day, corresponding to 4.6–6.9 g of salt) is recommended in patients with moderate, uncomplicated ascites
Patients with the first episode of grade 2 (moderate) ascites should receive an anti-mineralocorticoid drug alone
In patients who do not respond to anti-mineralocorticoids, as defined by a body weight reduction of less than 2 kg/week, or in patients who develop hyperkalemia, furosemide should be added
Patients with long-standing or recurrent ascites should be treated with a combination of an anti-mineralocorticoid drug and furosemide
For patients with compensated cirrhosis and CSPH, the guidance recommends nonselective beta-blockers, particularly carvedilol, to prevent decompensation and improve survival.
anti-mineralocorticoid drugs (spironolactone, canrenone or K-canrenoate) represent a mainstay in the medical treatment of ascites
Aké parametre používa Child-Pughova klasifikácia a skóre MELD?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte fyzikálne nálezy u pacienta s cirhózou pečene.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.