Vymenujte príklady kontraindikácií intravenóznej trombolýzy pri ischemickej NCMP.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 35
| náhla cievna mozgová príhoda | ictus cerebri |
| ischemická cievna mozgová príhoda | infarctus cerebri |
| intracerebrálne krvácanie | haemorrhagia intracerebralis |
| subarachnoidálne krvácanie | haemorrhagia subarachnoidalis |
| tranzitórny ischemický atak | |
| intravenózna trombolýza | |
| mechanická trombektómia | |
| afázia | aphasia |
| hemiparéza | hemiparesis |
| penumbra | penumbra |
Acute stroke represents a time-dependent neurologic emergency caused by focal cerebral, spinal cord, or retinal infarction or by spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage.
Within the United States and other high-income emergency care systems, approximately 80% to 85% of acute strokes are ischemic.
The Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) framework classifies ischemic stroke as large-artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, small-vessel occlusion, another determined cause, or undetermined cause.
Hypertension, tobacco use, diabetes, dyslipidemia, obesity, poor diet, physical inactivity, and excess alcohol account for a substantial proportion of stroke risk worldwide.
Deep hemorrhages in the basal ganglia, thalamus, pons, or cerebellum commonly reflect hypertensive deep-perforator arteriopathy. Lobar hemorrhage in an older adult raises concern for cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
Spontaneous SAH most often results from rupture of a saccular intracranial aneurysm.
Anterior circulation ischemia may produce contralateral weakness or sensory loss, aphasia, gaze deviation, homonymous visual field loss, or neglect.
Posterior circulation ischemia may present with diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, vertigo accompanied by central neurologic signs, ataxia, crossed motor or sensory deficits, quadriparesis, or impaired consciousness.
Intracerebral hemorrhage commonly presents with a focal neurologic deficit accompanied by headache, vomiting, markedly elevated blood pressure, seizure, or progressive neurologic decline. However, no clinical scoring system reliably distinguishes ischemic stroke from hemorrhage without neuroimaging.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage classically presents with a thunderclap headache that reaches maximal intensity within seconds to 1 minute. Associated manifestations may include neck stiffness, photophobia, vomiting, syncope, seizure, focal neurologic deficits, or reduced consciousness.
The clinician should determine the exact last-known-well time rather than the time the patient was discovered.
Noncontrast head CT is the standard initial study because this modality rapidly identifies intracranial hemorrhage, mass effect, and established infarction.
A CT angiogram (CTA) of the head and neck should be obtained early when large-vessel occlusion, basilar artery occlusion, cervical dissection, intracranial stenosis, or another vascular lesion is possible.
Bedside glucose is the only laboratory test required before thrombolysis in every patient.
Intravenous thrombolysis should be offered as soon as possible to eligible adults with a disabling ischemic stroke within 4.5 hours of symptom onset or last known well.
The following findings usually preclude intravenous thrombolysis or require correction before treatment
Intracranial hemorrhage on imaging or extensive established hypoattenuation indicating a completed large infarct. Blood pressure that cannot be maintained below 185/110 mm Hg. Platelet count below 100,000/mm3, INR above 1.7
Within 6 hours, thrombectomy is recommended for many patients with internal carotid or M1 occlusion, NIHSS score at least 6, and ASPECTS 3 to 10, with selected treatment also reasonable at ASPECTS 0 to 2.
From 6 to 24 hours, thrombectomy is recommended for appropriately selected proximal anterior-circulation occlusions with favorable clinical and imaging features, including many patients with ASPECTS 3 to 5.
For the late-window ASPECTS 3-to-5 group, the guideline-supported population was selected: age younger than 80 years, NIHSS at least 6, prestroke modified Rankin Scale 0 to 1, and no significant mass effect.
Early neurologic complications include infarct progression, recurrent ischemic stroke, arterial reocclusion, hemorrhagic transformation, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after reperfusion, seizures, and cerebral edema.
Common medical complications include dysphagia and aspiration pneumonia, hypoxemia, fever, urinary tract infection, urinary retention, venous thromboembolism, pressure injury, falls, malnutrition, delirium, myocardial injury, arrhythmia, and depression.
Before aneurysm occlusion, the most urgent threat is rebleeding
Delayed cerebral ischemia most often develops between days 3 and 14.
Vymenujte príklady kontraindikácií intravenóznej trombolýzy pri ischemickej NCMP.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú typické príznaky ischémie v prednej a v zadnej mozgovej cirkulácii?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte časté komplikácie po NCMP a opatrenia na ich prevenciu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.