Vymenujte hlavné rizikové faktory hepatocelulárneho karcinómu.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 36
| hepatocelulárny karcinóm | carcinoma hepatocellulare |
| cholangiokarcinóm | cholangiocarcinoma |
| karcinóm žlčníka | carcinoma vesicae felleae |
| hemangióm pečene | haemangioma hepatis |
| fokálna nodulárna hyperplázia | |
| hepatocelulárny adenóm | adenoma hepatocellulare |
| cirhóza pečene | cirrhosis hepatis |
| alfa-fetoproteín (AFP) | |
| primárna sklerotizujúca cholangitída | cholangitis sclerosans primaria |
| transarteriálna chemoembolizácia (TACE) | |
| milánske kritériá |
the practical diagnosis and management of the more common benign tumors. These include haemangiomas, focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) and hepatocellular adenoma (HCA).
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents about 90% of primary liver cancers
Significant risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma include viral hepatitis (hepatitis B and hepatitis C), alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver steatohepatitis/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) – hereafter referred to as MASLD according to the updated nomenclature
metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH)
Individuals with primary sclerosing cholangitis have a significantly elevated risk, perhaps as much as 400 times the risk, of developing cholangiocarcinoma compared to the general population, especially with concomitant inflammatory bowel disease.
The strongest correlation to developing gallbladder cancer is cholelithiasis. Gallstones cause a 4- to 5-fold increase in the prevalence of cancer. The risk increases with increases with gallstone size and chronicity of inflammation.
Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA), otherwise known as hepatic adenoma, is a rare, benign epithelial hepatic neoplasm often linked to exogenous estrogen intake, usually in the form of oral contraceptive pills.
Generally, hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic and found in imaging studies for other reasons, such as laparotomy or autopsy. Hemangiomas greater than 4 cm, however, tend to cause abdominal pain and discomfort.
Cirrhotic-related HCC patients may present with symptoms of decompensated liver failure, including worsening jaundice, pruritus, hepatic encephalopathy, ascites, palpable mass in the upper abdomen, fever, malaise, weight loss, early satiety, abdominal distension, and cachexia.
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas are symptomatic earlier in their clinical course due to biliary obstruction, leading to jaundice, pruritus, clay-colored stools, and dark-colored urine.
Early-stage gallbladder carcinoma is often found incidentally during surgery, as it is typically asymptomatic.
Patients with cirrhosis should be offered surveillance for HCC unless they have a relatively high risk of death from non-HCC causes, or they could not be offered a curative-intent treatment for HCC
An ultrasound examination of the liver every 6 months is recommended for screening of HCC. The combined use of ultrasound with AFP increases sensitivity while decreasing specificity and is a reasonable option.
This CPG endorses the use of the LI-RADS CT/MR and CEUS criteria for the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC. If the criteria for the non-invasive diagnosis of HCC are not met, a tumour biopsy is mandatory.
The non-invasive criteria should only be applied to patients with cirrhosis, chronic HBV infection or a history of HCC. In other patients, the diagnosis of HCC should be confirmed by biopsy
About 40% of small HCC do not secrete AFP.
when combined with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), provides the best noninvasive imaging of the biliary tree, allowing the identification of strictures, masses, and cysts
Milan criteria for liver transplantation is a single nodule less than or equal to 5 cm in diameter or not more than three nodules, with none large than 3 cm in diameter without macrovascular invasion and extrahepatic spread.
Transarterial therapies are considered for patients with BCLC intermediate stage (B). Intermediate stage (B) has preserved liver function, ECOG-PS 0, and multinodular without macrovascular invasion or extrahepatic spread.
In patients with advanced HCC, preserved liver function (Child-Pugh A) and ECOG performance status 0-1, combinations including at least one PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor should be offered, provided there are no contraindications
Cisplatin–gemcitabine–durvalumab and cisplatin–gemcitabine–pembrolizumab are recommended as first-line therapy [I, A].
Symptomatic patients may present with variceal bleeding, intraperitoneal bleeding, obstructive jaundice, pyogenic liver abscess, and hepatic encephalopathy.
Rupture may complicate untreated lesions, manifesting with hemorrhage, severe abdominal pain, and hypotension, and may lead to hypovolemic shock and death. Women on oral contraceptives are most susceptible to liver adenoma rupture
almost 75% of patients have nonresectable or metastatic disease at presentation
Complications may include spontaneous rupture or abscess formation, but these are rare.
Measurement of AFP once a definitive HCC diagnosis has been made is recommended as it may provide useful prognostic information
High serum levels of AFP, AFP-L3 and DCP are associated with biologically aggressive HCC and correlated with histoprognostic factors, including microscopic vascular invasion and poor differentiation
Vymenujte hlavné rizikové faktory hepatocelulárneho karcinómu.
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Aké sú milánske kritériá pre transplantáciu pečene pri hepatocelulárnom karcinóme?
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Ako sa prejavuje extrahepatálny cholangiokarcinóm a aké vyšetrenia indikujete?
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