Popíšte klasifikáciu ischemickej choroby dolných končatín podľa Fontaina.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 37
| ischemická choroba dolných končatín (periférne artériové ochorenie) | |
| intermitentná klaudikácia | claudicatio intermittens |
| členkovo-brachiálny index (ABI) | |
| chronická končatinu ohrozujúca ischémia (CLTI) | |
| akútna končatinová ischémia | |
| ateroskleróza | atherosclerosis |
| gangréna | gangraena |
| pokojová ischemická bolesť | |
| Lericheov syndróm | |
| perkutánna transluminálna angioplastika (PTA) |
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) represents a progressive manifestation of systemic atherosclerosis
PAD develops from arterial narrowing and occlusion, most often in the aortoiliac, femoropopliteal, or infrapopliteal vessels, resulting in impaired blood flow to the lower extremities.
Less common causes are related to inflammation of the blood vessels (vasculitis), injury, or radiation exposure.
affects over 200 million people worldwide, particularly older adults and those with diabetes, smoking history, or chronic kidney disease.
Smoking is a major modifiable risk factor, increasing the risk of PAD 4-fold and significantly contributing to disease severity.
The hallmark symptom of PAD is intermittent claudication–cramping pain in the lower extremities that occurs with walking or exertion and resolves with rest.
Pain typically occurs in the muscles distal to the site of arterial narrowing. Patients with aortoiliac disease often experience pain in the buttocks or thighs, while those with femoropopliteal disease most commonly report calf pain.
The presence of rest pain or tissue loss signifies chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI), the most severe form of PAD.
„asymptomatische pAVK“ (entspricht dem Fontaine-Stadium I), „symptomatische (belastungsabhängige) pAVK“ (entspricht den Fontaine-Stadien IIa und IIb) und „chronische beinbedrohende Ischämie“ („chronic limb-threatening ischemia“ [CLTI]; entspricht Fontaine-Stadium III und IV) vorgeschlagen
The ABI is calculated by dividing the highest ankle systolic pressure by the higher of the 2 brachial systolic pressures.
PAD is defined as an ABI of 0.90 or less.
Values greater than 1.40 may indicate noncompressible, calcified arteries, often seen in patients with diabetes or chronic kidney disease. In such cases, the ABI value is unreliable, and alternative testing, eg, the toe-brachial index (TBI) or duplex ultrasound, is required to evaluate for PAD.
Duplex ultrasonography is typically the first-line imaging modality due to its accessibility, safety, and ability to visualize blood flow and quantify stenosis noninvasively.
Für Patienten mit symptomatischer (belastungsabhängiger) pAVK empfehlen die aktuellen ESC-Leitlinien ein supervidiertes Gehtraining (Klasse I, Evidenzgrad A; [17–21]).
the therapeutic goal is to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by ≥ 50% and achieve an LDL-C target of <55mg/dL. Statins are recommended for all patients with PAD.
recommend the combination of rivaroxaban (2.5mg twice a day) and aspirin (100mg once a day) in patients with PAD who have high ischemic risk, high-risk comorbidities (IIaA), or who have undergone lower-limb revascularization (IIaB), provided that their risk of bleeding is not elevated.
Bei Vorliegen einer CLTI (Tab. 1) besteht in der ESC-Leitlinie eine klare Empfehlung für eine zeitnahe Revaskularisation zum Extremitätenerhalt
die bei pAVK vorkommende Koprävalenz von koronarer und zerebrovaskulärer Atherosklerose unterstrichen, was das hohe Risiko koronarer und zerebrovaskulärer Ereignisse bei Patienten mit pAVK erklärt
While many patients remain stable, a subset progresses to CLTI, which carries high risks of limb loss and mortality if not promptly treated.
Patients with underlying PAD can present with acute limb ischemia due to in-situ thrombosis from plaque rupture or from an embolus. Embolic events are often cardiac in origin, particularly in patients with atrial fibrillation
Compared to nonsmokers, individuals with PAD who smoke have reduced life expectancy and are more likely to progress to chronic limb-threatening ischemia and require amputation.
Popíšte klasifikáciu ischemickej choroby dolných končatín podľa Fontaina.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako sa meria a hodnotí členkovo-brachiálny index (ABI)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte zložky konzervatívnej liečby ischemickej choroby dolných končatín.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.