Vymenujte príčiny akútnej pankreatitídy.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 38
| akútna pankreatitída | pancreatitis acuta |
| nekrotizujúca pankreatitída | pancreatitis necroticans |
| lipáza | |
| amyláza | |
| pseudocysta pankreasu | |
| Cullenov príznak | |
| Greyov-Turnerov príznak | |
| cholelitiáza | cholelithiasis |
| hypertriglyceridémia |
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory condition of the pancreas characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical severity, ranging from mild, self-limiting episodes to severe necrotizing disease with high morbidity and mortality.
Premature activation of digestive enzymes within the pancreas initiates a cascade of acinar cell injury, systemic inflammation, and pancreatic autodigestion.
Gallstones and alcohol use account for approximately 35% to 40% and 17% to 25% of acute pancreatitis cases in the United States (US), respectively.
Hypertriglyceridemia, usually at levels exceeding 1000 mg/dL, is a well-recognized cause of acute pancreatitis.
Drug-induced pancreatitis is associated with agents such as azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine, valproic acid, didanosine, mesalamine, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors.
A pancreatic neoplasm should be excluded as a possible obstructive etiology in adults older than 40 when common etiologies have been ruled out.
moderate-to-severe epigastric abdominal pain, often described as deep, burning, or stabbing, with radiation to the back. Pain onset is typically sudden, although it may develop more gradually and with less localization in alcohol-induced pancreatitis.
Cullen sign, characterized by periumbilical ecchymosis, and Grey-Turner sign, marked by flank ecchymosis, suggest hemorrhagic pancreatitis with retroperitoneal or peritoneal bleeding.
The 2 principal forms, interstitial edematous pancreatitis and necrotizing pancreatitis, exhibit distinct microscopic and gross features.
Mild No organ failure and no local or systemic complications Generally self-limiting Moderately severe Transient organ failure (<48 hours) and/or local or systemic complications May present with peripancreatic fluid collections Severe Persistent organ failure (>48 hours)
Acute pancreatitis is diagnosed when at least 2 of the following are present: lipase or amylase that is at least 3 times the upper limit of normal, characteristic clinical presentation, and imaging findings consistent with pancreatitis.
Clinical presentation and elevated pancreatic enzymes are usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis. Imaging is typically reserved for patients with diagnostic uncertainty or a clinical course that is severe or worsening.
All patients should undergo a right upper quadrant ultrasound to assess for gallstones, biliary dilation, or sludge.
An alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level greater than 150 U/L within the first 48 hours of symptom onset has a positive predictive value exceeding 85% for gallstone pancreatitis.
This finding prompted a paradigm shift toward moderate, individualized resuscitation guided by frequent reassessment. Lactated Ringer solution is the preferred fluid. Resuscitation goals include maintaining urine output above 0.5 mL/kg per hour and normalizing heart rate and hematocrit.
Do not offer prophylactic antimicrobials to people with acute pancreatitis.
SIRS can progress to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and septic shock. Persistent SIRS beyond 48 hours correlates with increased mortality and typically warrants intensive care unit admission.
Complications such as pancreatic necrosis, ARDS, disseminated intravascular coagulation, abdominal compartment syndrome, and vascular events may require ICU care or surgical intervention.
Late complications of acute pancreatitis involve both structural and vascular consequences that typically develop after the first week. Pancreatic necrosis often emerges during this period and may be sterile or infected.
Although many pseudocysts resolve spontaneously, large or symptomatic ones often require drainage through endoscopic, percutaneous, or surgical approaches.
In patients with predicted mild to moderate pancreatitis, oral feeding can be started as soon as possible when patients have an appetite and there is no vomiting.
Early enteral tube feeding, preferably within 72 hours of the onset of acute pancreatitis, is recommended if patients cannot tolerate oral feeding.
The use of antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for the prevention of infectious complications associated with AP.
Early cholecystectomy during index admission for mild biliary pancreatitis is safe and is recommended to prevent recurrence of acute pancreatitis.
Cholecystectomy should be delayed in patients with moderate and severe acute pancreatitis, in particular, those with necrotizing pancreatitis and peripancreatic fluid collections, until the collections nearly resolve.
Vymenujte príčiny akútnej pankreatitídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako sa hodnotí tiaž akútnej pankreatitídy podľa revidovanej Atlantskej klasifikácie?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú základné princípy liečby akútnej pankreatitídy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.