Vymenujte príčiny deficitu vitamínu B12.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 39
| megaloblastová anémia | anaemia megaloblastica |
| perniciózna anémia | anaemia perniciosa |
| makrocytóza | macrocytosis |
| vitamín B12 (kobalamín) | cobalaminum |
| kyselina listová | acidum folicum |
| vnútorný faktor | |
| hypersegmentované neutrofily | |
| subakútna kombinovaná degenerácia miechy | |
| atrofická gastritída | gastritis atrophica |
| kyselina metylmalónová |
Macrocytic anemia refers to macrocytosis, a mean corpuscular volume (MCV) >100 fL, in the setting of anemia.
Macrocytic anemia is divided into 2 forms: megaloblastic (hypersegmented neutrophils) and nonmegaloblastic.
Megaloblastic anemias result most often from deficiencies of vitamin B12 and folate.
Vitamin B12 deficiency appears in diminished intake (eg malnutrition), malabsorptive states (eg, atrophic gastritis, either autoimmune or nonautoimmune, from Helicobacter pylori or Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, Diphyllobothrium tapeworm infection, gastric bypass, or ileal resection)
Folate deficiency is due to diminished intake (eg, alcohol abuse or malnutrition), increased consumption (eg, hemolysis or pregnancy), and malabsorption (eg, familial, gastric bypass, or medications like cholestyramine or metformin).
Drugs that impair DNA synthesis include folic acid analogs (eg, methotrexate and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), nucleic acid analogs (eg, 5-fluorouracil), and others, including hydroxyurea, pentamidine, phenytoin, pyrimethamine, sulfasalazine, and triamterene.
Nonmegaloblastic anemia, which lacks hypersegmented neutrophils, can result from alcohol use, hereditary spherocytosis, hypothyroidism, liver disease, or conditions causing increased reticulocyte production.
Patients with vitamin B12 deficiency complain of mood disturbances and neurologic symptoms like loss of balance, memory loss, paresthesias, and peripheral neuropathy.
Folate deficiency has similar clinical features to vitamin B12 deficiency; however, Patients with folate deficiency typically do not have the neuropsychiatric complaints associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
Physical exam may reveal nonspecific anemia findings (eg, conjunctival pallor) or neurologic deficits due to vitamin B12 deficiency (eg, impaired proprioception or vibration, positive Romberg sign).
Stigmata of underlying diseases may also be noted, including glossitis from autoimmune atrophic gastritis, hepatosplenomegaly from familial hemolytic anemias, hypopigmentation from vitiligo, or jaundice and spider angiomata from alcohol use.
Megaloblastic macrocytic anemia contains hypersegmented neutrophils and macro-ovalocytes (macrocytes having an oval shape with a reduced or absent central pallor) on a peripheral blood smear (PBS)
Use either total B12 (serum cobalamin) or active B12 (serum holotranscobalamin) as the initial test for suspected vitamin B12 deficiency unless: the test needs to be done during pregnancy, or recreational nitrous oxide use is the suspected cause of deficiency.
Consider a further test to measure serum MMA concentrations in people who have symptoms or signs of vitamin B12 deficiency and an indeterminate total or active B12 test result
Consider an anti-intrinsic factor antibody test for people with vitamin B12 deficiency if autoimmune gastritis is suspected and they have not previously had:
a positive anti-intrinsic factor antibody test at any time or an operation that could affect vitamin B12 absorption (such as total gastrectomy or complete terminal ileal resection)
Offer lifelong intramuscular vitamin B12 replacement to people if: autoimmune gastritis is the cause, or suspected cause, of vitamin B12 deficiency or they have had a total gastrectomy, or a complete terminal ileal resection.
Do not delay vitamin B12 replacement while waiting for the test results of people with suspected megaloblastic anaemia and neurological symptoms, especially symptoms related to sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord
Folic acid, 1 mg to 5 mg orally daily, is recommended
Treatment of folate deficiency without addressing vitamin B12 deficiency, if present, will result in the resolution of the anemia but not the neurologic effects.
Neurologic manifestations, including peripheral neuropathy and gait instability, are unique to vitamin B12 deficiency and can be permanent if prolonged. Paresthesias can be the presenting manifestation of B12 deficiency, even before (or in the absence of) anemia.
Patients with pernicious anemia are at an increased risk of gastric cancer.
Patients with pernicious anemia also have a higher incidence of co-occurring autoimmune disorders, including diabetes mellitus type 1, autoimmune thyroid disease, and vitiligo.
In pregnancy, folate deficiency is associated with a significantly increased risk of neural tube defects, preterm delivery (16.94%), fetal growth restriction (27.11%), spontaneous abortion, placental abruption
Vymenujte príčiny deficitu vitamínu B12.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aký je laboratórny obraz megaloblastovej anémie?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako odlíšite deficit vitamínu B12 od deficitu folátu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.