Vymenujte klinické prejavy karcinómu hlavy pankreasu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 40
| karcinóm pankreasu | carcinoma pancreatis |
| duktálny adenokarcinóm pankreasu | |
| intraduktálny papilárny mucinózny nádor (IPMN) | |
| serózny cystadenóm | cystadenoma serosum |
| obštrukčný ikterus | icterus obstructivus |
| Courvoisierov príznak | |
| pankreatikoduodenektómia (Whippleova operácia) | |
| exokrinná insuficiencia pankreasu |
Pancreatic cancer is most commonly caused by ductal adenocarcinoma.
Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the most common pancreatic cystic neoplasms and represent a clinically important spectrum of premalignant lesions that can progress to invasive pancreatic carcinoma.
Prominent risk factors for pancreatic cancer include smoking, a history of chronic pancreatitis, obesity, and chemical exposures (eg, beta-naphthylamine, benzidine, asbestos, benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons).
Heredity plays some role; 10% of pancreatic cancers are associated with an underlying genetic component.
benign pancreatic cysts with a microcystic “honeycomb” appearance and a central scar that does not communicate with the main pancreatic duct. They are lined by a layer of glycogen-rich “serous” cells, have a 3-to-1 female predominance
Most patients have severe upper abdominal pain, which usually radiates to the back. Weight loss is common.
Adenocarcinomas of the head of the pancreas cause obstructive jaundice (which can cause pruritus) in 80 to 90% of patients.
Patients can have weakness, pruritus from bile salts in the skin, anorexia, palpable, non-tender, distended gallbladder, alcoholic stools, and dark urine.
Pancreatic cancer causes diabetes in up to half of patients
The preferred tests are an abdominal CT using pancreatic technique (triple-phase protocol, imaging slices ≤ 5 mm) or MRI/MRCP; these are followed by endoscopic ultrasound with fine-needle aspiration (EUS/FNA) biopsy for tissue diagnosis and to assess surgical resectability.
amylase and lipase levels are usually normal, and the CA 19-9 antigen is not sensitive or specific enough to be used for population screening.
Metastatic disease in the liver, peritoneum, omentum, and extra-regional lymph nodes is considered unresectable.
Jaundice, the presence of an enhancing mural nodule (≥5 mm) or a solid component, positive cytology, or a MPD measuring ≥10 mm are highly predictive of malignancy
Tumors in the head of the pancreas are removed with a Whipple procedure (resection of the pancreatic head, duodenum, proximal jejunum, common bile duct, gallbladder, and a segment of the stomach).
The latest European Society of Medical Oncology (ESMO) guidelines endorse this position for resectable pancreatic cancer, recommending primary resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy
The 2015 standard, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid or gemcitabine monotherapy, is now only indicated for frail patients, other patients should receive mFOLFIRINOX based on the PRODIGE 24 study, or, if not eligible for this treatment, gemcitabine/capecitabine according to the ESPAC-4 study.
In patients with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) PS of 0-1, a bilirubin level of <1.5 times the upper limit of normal and no major comorbidities, two regimens should be recommended as first-line chemotherapy: FOLFIRINOX
v1.1 score: 5 (versus gemcitabine)] or NALIRIFOX [I, A; ESMO-MCBS v1.1 score: 2 (versus GN)].
Approximately 80 to 90% of cancers are considered surgically unresectable at time of diagnosis because of metastases or invasion of major blood vessels.
In patients with inoperable lesions and jaundice, endoscopic placement of a bile duct stent relieves jaundice.
Patients with moderate to severe pain should receive an oral opioid in doses adequate to provide relief
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is treated with capsules of porcine pancreatic enzymes (pancrelipase).
Vymenujte klinické prejavy karcinómu hlavy pankreasu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Čo je Whippleova trias a pri akom nádore sa vyskytuje?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.