Popíšte patofyziológiu chronickej vénovej insuficiencie.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 41
| hĺbková flebotrombóza | thrombosis venosa profunda |
| povrchová tromboflebitída | thrombophlebitis superficialis |
| chronická vénová insuficiencia | insufficientia venosa chronica |
| Virchowova trias | |
| posttrombotický syndróm | |
| venózny vred predkolenia | ulcus cruris venosum |
| kompresívna liečba | |
| D-diméry |
Venous insufficiency is a condition in which the flow of superficial or deep venous blood is impaired, causing venous hypertension.
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is clotting of blood in a deep vein of an extremity (usually calf or thigh) or the pelvis.
Classically, thrombosis occurs due to a combination of impaired blood flow (stasis), endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability (Virchow triad).
Though the exact etiology of venous insufficiency is unclear, the primary underlying mechanism is believed to be valvular reflux. Other CVI etiologies include venous outflow obstruction, arteriovenous malformation, and calf muscle pump failure.
Deep vein dysfunction usually results from a prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which leads to inflammation, valve scarring and adhesions, and luminal narrowing.
Regardless of the cause, persistently elevated venous hydrostatic pressure may result in lower-extremity pain, edema, and venous microangiopathy.
When present, symptoms and signs of DVT (eg, vague aching pain, tenderness along the distribution of the veins, edema, erythema) are nonspecific, vary in frequency and severity, and are similar in arms and legs.
Typically, patients present with pain, tenderness, or an indurated cord along a palpable superficial vein. The overlying skin is usually warm and erythematous.
Patients with CVI commonly present initially with a combination of dependent pitting edema, leg discomfort, fatigue, and itching.
Patients with advanced disease will present with a severe blanched skin lesion, dermal atrophy, hyperpigmentation, dilated venous capillaries, and ulcer formation, most commonly overlying the medial malleolus.
one approach is for clinicians to first estimate the probability of a DVT using a validated clinical prediction rule such as the Wells score (1). In patients with a low probability, a negative D-dimer is considered sufficient to exclude DVT and avoid further imaging
In patients with a high probability estimated by the clinical prediction rule, or those with a positive D-dimer, compression ultrasound is used to diagnose (or exclude) DVT
The age-adjusted D-dimer threshold is calculated as the patient’s age multiplied by 10 ng/mL (10 mcg/L) and is used for patients > 50 years with suspected venous thromboembolism.
A Doppler waveform reflux duration in the superficial veins of greater than 0.5 seconds and greater than 1 second in the deep veins (eg, femoral and popliteal) was used as the diagnostic threshold for venous reflux of an incompetent valve.
Almost all patients with DVT are treated with anticoagulants (3, 4). The exception is patients with isolated distal thrombi without severe symptoms, in whom serial imaging and anticoagulation are needed only if the thrombus extends.
In patients with lower extremity superficial venous thrombosis ≤ 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction, treatment with anticoagulation as for a deep vein thrombosis for 6 weeks or longer is recommended
For patients with lower extremity superficial venous thrombosis that is > 3 cm from the saphenofemoral junction but ≥ 5 cm in length, treatment with fondaparinux (or, alternatively, rivaroxaban or a low molecular weight heparin
Compression therapy should be used with caution in patients with coexisting peripheral arterial disease. Severe arterial insufficiency and uncompensated congestive heart failure are contraindications to compression therapy.
Approximately 50% of patients with DVT have occult PE, and at least 30% of patients with PE have demonstrable DVT
Common long-term complications include venous insufficiency with or without the post-thrombotic syndrome.
Much less commonly, acute massive DVT leads to phlegmasia alba dolens or phlegmasia cerulea dolens, both of which, unless promptly diagnosed and treated, can result in venous gangrene.
Untreated superficial venous thrombi can progress to deep vein thromboses and pulmonary emboli (2), particularly those in close proximity to the saphenofemoral junction (1).
for 45 days is recommended
Popíšte patofyziológiu chronickej vénovej insuficiencie.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aký je diagnostický postup pri podozrení na hĺbkovú žilovú trombózu dolnej končatiny?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako diagnostikujete a liečite povrchovú tromboflebitídu dolnej končatiny?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.