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🫀 Interná medicína · 43
| metabolická acidóza | acidosis metabolica |
| metabolická alkalóza | alkalosis metabolica |
| respiračná acidóza | acidosis respiratoria |
| respiračná alkalóza | alkalosis respiratoria |
| aniónová medzera | |
| acidémia | |
| osmolárna medzera |
Acid-base disorders are pathologic changes in partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2) or serum bicarbonate (HCO3−) that typically produce abnormal arterial pH values.
Acidemia and alkalemia refer to an abnormally acidic (pH < 7.35) or alkalotic (pH > 7.45) serum pH.
High anion gap acidoses are most often due to ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, chronic kidney disease, or certain toxic ingestions.
Normal anion gap acidoses are most often due to gastrointestinal or renal HCO3− loss.
The most common causes of chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis are volume depletion (particularly when involving loss of gastric acid and chloride (Cl) due to recurrent vomiting or nasogastric suction) and diuretic use.
Common causes include impaired respiratory drive (eg, due to drugs, medications, or CNS disease), and airflow obstruction (eg, due to asthma, COPD [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease], sleep apnea, airway edema).
The most characteristic sign is hyperpnea (long, deep breaths at a normal rate), reflecting a compensatory increase in alveolar ventilation; this hyperpnea is not accompanied by a feeling of dyspnea.
Symptoms and signs of mild alkalemia are usually related to the underlying disorder. More severe alkalemia increases protein binding of ionized calcium (Ca++), leading to hypocalcemia and subsequent headache, lethargy, and neuromuscular excitability, sometimes with delirium, tetany, and seizures.
Acute (or acutely worsening chronic) respiratory acidosis causes headache, confusion, anxiety, drowsiness, and stupor (CO2 narcosis).
Acute respiratory alkalosis causes light-headedness, confusion, peripheral and circumoral paresthesias, cramps, and syncope.
it is important to determine whether changes in Pco2 and HCO3− show the expected compensation (see table Primary Changes and Compensation in Simple Acid-Base Disorders). If not, then a second primary process should be suspected of causing the abnormal compensation.
The anion gap should always be calculated; elevation almost always indicates a metabolic acidosis.
Winters formula is applied to determine whether respiratory compensation is appropriate or reflects a second acid-base disorder (predicted Pco2 = 1.5 [HCO3−] + 8 ± 2; if Pco2 is higher, there is also a primary respiratory acidosis—if lower, respiratory alkalosis)
A difference > 10 implies the presence of an osmotically active substance, which, in the case of a high anion gap acidosis, is methanol or ethylene glycol.
Intravenous sodium bicarbonate is controversial in high anion gap acidosis (but may be considered when pH < 7.00, with a target pH of ≥ 7.10).
In any condition, giving sodium bicarbonate may also cause sodium and volume overload, hypokalemia, and, by inhibiting respiratory drive, hypercapnia.
Investigate and treat the cause and give patients with chloride-responsive metabolic alkalosis 0.9% saline IV.
Sodium bicarbonate is almost always contraindicated because of the potential for paradoxical acidosis within the CNS. One exception may be in cases of severe bronchospasm, in which bicarbonate may improve responsiveness of bronchial smooth muscle to beta-agonists.
Severe, acute acidemia predisposes to cardiac dysfunction with hypotension and shock, ventricular arrhythmias, and coma. Chronic acidemia causes bone demineralization disorders (eg, rickets, osteomalacia, osteopenia).
Chronic hypercapnia generally must be corrected slowly (eg, over several hours or more) because too-rapid Pco2 lowering can cause a posthypercapnic “overshoot” alkalosis
Thus, hypokalemia is both a cause and a frequent consequence of metabolic alkalosis.
Popíšte postup hodnotenia acidobázickej rovnováhy z krvných plynov.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte hlavné príčiny metabolickej acidózy so zvýšenou a s normálnou aniónovou medzerou.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako rozdelíte metabolickú alkalózu podľa odpovede na chloridy a ako ju liečite?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.