Aké vyšetrenia sú potrebné na diagnózu myelodysplastického syndrómu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 44
| myelodysplastický syndróm | syndroma myelodysplasticum |
| cytopénia | cytopenia |
| dysplázia | dysplasia |
| neefektívna hematopoéza | |
| prstencové sideroblasty | |
| akútna myeloidná leukémia | |
| blasty | |
| hypometylačné látky | |
| alogénna transplantácia krvotvorných kmeňových buniek | |
| pseudo-Pelgerova anomália |
Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are clonal disorders of hematopoietic cells characterized by peripheral cytopenias, morphologic dysplasia, ineffective hematopoiesis and risk of leukemic transformation (LT)
Under the 2022 WHO classification of MDS, this entity is now termed myelodysplastic neoplasms.
The etiology of myelodysplastic syndromes is unknown. Risk increases with age due to the acquisition of somatic mutations that can promote clonal expansion and dominance of a particular hematopoietic stem cell
possibly due to exposure to environmental toxins such as benzene, radiation, and chemotherapeutic agents (particularly long or intense regimens and those involving alkylating agents, hydroxyurea, and/or topoisomerase inhibitors)
MDS occurs more frequently in older males and in individuals with prior exposure to cytotoxic therapy.
The bone marrow can be hypocellular or hypercellular. The ineffective hematopoiesis causes anemia (most common), neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, or a combination of these
Symptoms of myelodysplastic syndromes tend to reflect the most affected cell line and may include pallor, weakness, and fatigue (anemia); fever and infections (neutropenia); and increased bruising, petechiae, epistaxis, and mucosal bleeding (thrombocytopenia).
Anemia is the most common feature, associated usually with macrocytosis and anisocytosis.
The deletion 5q syndrome is a unique form of MDS, occurring primarily in women in whom macrocytic anemia and thrombocytosis are typically present.
Cytopenias secondary to autoimmune disorders, vitamin B12 deficiencies, folate deficiencies, idiopathic aplastic anemia, paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria, copper deficiency, zinc toxicity, or medication effects must be excluded.
MDS entities are now grouped as those having defining genetic abnormalities and those that are morphologically defined.
Myelodysplastic neoplasms with defining genetic abnormalities are grouped together and include: MDS with low blasts and isolated 5q deletion (MDS-5q), MDS with low blasts and SF3B1 mutation (MDS-SF3B1), and MDS with biallelic TP53 inactivation (MDS-biTP53).
The term MDS with IB2 is retained in the WHO-2022 criteria, whereas it is modified to MDS/AML in the ICC to emphasize the continuum spectrum between MDS and AML.
The new Molecular International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS-M) includes the mutation status of 31 genes in addition to cytogenetics, bone marrow blasts, hemoglobin level, and platelet count
Erythrocyte-stimulating agents (ESA) decrease the severity of anemia in 15 to 20% of patients with MDS, particularly in patients with anemia who are not dependent on transfusions and have a serum erythropoietin level < 500 mIU/mL
The degree of response with lenalidomide in patients with lower‐risk MDS, anemia, good platelets, and del5q makes it the standard of care for this subset of patients.
The azanucleosides are the standard of care for most patients with higher risk disease. No study has compared 5‐azacitidine vs decitabine. Although response rates appear to be similar, only 5‐azacitidine has been associated with improvement of survival in a randomized trial.
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell is the only curative treatment for MDS. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is indicated in younger, medically-fit patients generally in intermediate-2 or high risk groups.
In 10 to 30% of people, a myelodysplastic syndrome transforms into acute myeloid leukemia
Patients with significant, refractory, or chronic anemia eventually develop iron overload due to transfusions and/or increased iron absorption from the gut.
Up to 10% of patients with primary MDS have mutations in TP53, which results in a heightened risk of AML transformation and dismal outcomes
Extramedullary hematopoiesis may occur, leading to hepatomegaly and splenomegaly. Myelofibrosis may develop during the course of MDS.
Aké vyšetrenia sú potrebné na diagnózu myelodysplastického syndrómu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte možnosti liečby myelodysplastického syndrómu podľa rizika.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
V čom sa líšia klasifikácie MDS WHO 2022 a ICC 2022?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.