Porovnajte hypoxemickú (typ 1) a hyperkapnickú (typ 2) respiračnú insuficienciu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 45
| respiračná insuficiencia | insufficientia respiratoria |
| hypoxémia | hypoxaemia |
| hyperkapnia | hypercapnia |
| respiračná acidóza | acidosis respiratoria |
| neinvazívna ventilácia | |
| oxygenoterapia | |
| arteriálne krvné plyny |
Type 1 respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system cannot adequately provide oxygen to the body, leading to hypoxemia. Type 2 respiratory failure occurs when the respiratory system cannot sufficiently remove carbon dioxide from the body, leading to hypercapnia.
Respiratory failure can be classified based on chronicity (i.e., acute, chronic, and acute on chronic).
can be caused by alveolar hypoventilation, low atmospheric pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen, diffusion defect, ventilation/perfusion mismatch, and right-to-left shunt.
While decreased VA is the most common reason for the respiratory failure of hypercapnia, increased CO2 production is a very rare reason.
Common causes are severe acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), overdoses of drugs that suppress ventilatory drive, and conditions that cause respiratory muscle weakness (eg, Guillain-Barré syndrome, myasthenia gravis, botulism).
Ventilatory failure can occur when there is excessive load on the respiratory system (eg, resistive loads or lung and chest wall elastic loads) versus neuromuscular competence for an effective inspiratory effort.
Common manifestations include dyspnea, use of accessory muscles of respiration, tachypnea, tachycardia, diaphoresis, cyanosis, altered consciousness, and, without treatment, eventually obtundation, respiratory arrest, and death.
Ventilatory failure results in hypercapnia, causing central nervous system manifestations ranging from subtle personality changes to marked confusion, obtundation, or coma. Chronic hypercapnia is better tolerated than acute and has fewer symptoms.
When ventilatory failure is due to impaired respiratory drive, hypopnea and/or low respiratory rates will be evident.
respiratory rates > 28 to 30/minute cannot be sustained for very long, particularly in patients who are older or weakened.
Arterial blood gas (ABG) is the gold standard for diagnosing respiratory failure.
The distinguishing characteristic of Type 1 respiratory failure is a partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) < 60 mmHg with a normal or decreased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2).
Patients with chronic ventilatory failure often have quite elevated PCO2 (eg, 60 to 90 mm Hg) at baseline, typically with a pH that is only slightly acidemic. In such patients, the degree of acidemia rather than the PCO2 must serve as the primary marker for acute hypoventilation.
Vital capacity < 10 to 15 mL/kg and an inability to generate a negative inspiratory force of 15 cm H2O suggest imminent ventilatory failure.
Oxygen should be prescribed to achieve a target saturation of 94–98% for most acutely ill patients or 88–92% or patient-specific target range for those at risk of hypercapnic respiratory failure
In critical illness, including major trauma, sepsis, shock and anaphylaxis, initiate treatment with a reservoir mask at 15 L/min and aim at a saturation range of 94–98%.
If the patient is hypercapnic (PCO2 >6 kPa or 45 mm Hg) and acidotic (pH <7.35 or [H+] >45 nmol/L), start NIV with targeted oxygen therapy if respiratory acidosis persists for more than 30 min after initial standard medical management.
Contraindications include impaired airway protection, hemodynamic instability, and facial trauma.
Acute hypercapnia also causes cerebral vasodilation, which increases intracranial pressure, a major problem in patients with traumatic brain injury.
Pulmonary complications include bronchopleural fistula, nosocomial pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary fibrosis
extrapulmonary complications include acid-base disturbances, decreased cardiac output, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, hepatic failure, ileus, infection, increased intracranial pressure, malnutrition, pneumoperitoneum, renal failure, and thrombocytopenia
Avoid excessive oxygen use in patients with COPD. The risk of respiratory acidosis in patients with hypercapnic respiratory failure is increased if the PaO2 is above 10.0 kPa due to previous excessive oxygen use.
Patients with COPD and other risk factors for hypercapnia who develop critical illness should have the same initial target saturations as other critically ill patients pending the results of blood gas results
Porovnajte hypoxemickú (typ 1) a hyperkapnickú (typ 2) respiračnú insuficienciu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako odlíšite z krvných plynov akútnu, chronickú a akútnu na chronickú hyperkapniu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.