Uveďte štádiá AKI podľa KDIGO.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 49
| akútne poškodenie obličiek | laesio renalis acuta |
| akútne zlyhanie obličiek | insufficientia renalis acuta |
| akútna tubulárna nekróza | necrosis tubularis acuta |
| oligúria | oliguria |
| anúria | anuria |
| polyúria | polyuria |
| hyperkaliémia | hyperkalaemia |
| urémia | uraemia |
Acute kidney injury (AKI), previously called acute renal failure, denotes a sudden and often reversible reduction in kidney function
Increase in the serum creatinine value of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL (26.5 micromol/L) in 48 hours Increase in serum creatinine of ≥ 1.5 times baseline within the prior 7 days Urine volume < 0.5 mL/kg/hour for 6 hours
The pathophysiology of AKI has traditionally been divided into 3 categories: prerenal, intrinsic renal (ie, intrarenal), and postrenal.
This may be part of systemic hypoperfusion resulting from hypovolemia or due to selective hypoperfusion of the kidneys, such as resulting from renal artery stenosis or aortic dissection.
The other major cause of ATN is nephrotoxic injury from agents, which may result from medications (eg, vancomycin , aminoglycosides), iodinated radiocontrast media, and endogenous pigments such as myoglobin from rhabdomyolysis and hemoglobin from hemolysis.
The most common etiology of postrenal AKI is bladder outlet obstruction, which is often due to prostatic hypertrophy in older men, pelvic masses in older women, and nephrolithiasis in younger patients.
Initially, decreased urine output may be the only sign of AKI, followed by weight gain and peripheral edema.
In acute kidney injury, urine output may have 3 phases: The prodromal phase usually has normal urine output
The oliguric phase has urine output typically between 50 and 500 mL/day. The duration of the oliguric phase is unpredictable, depending on etiology of AKI and time to treatment. However, many patients are never oliguric.
In the postoliguric phase, urine output gradually returns to normal, but serum creatinine and urea levels may not fall for several more days.
Immediately reversible prerenal or postrenal causes of acute kidney injury must be excluded first.
Once the patient's volume status is optimized and genitourinary obstruction is excluded, AKI can be classified into 3 stages based on serum creatinine level or the amount of urine output
may be helpful in distinguishing prerenal AKI from acute tubular injury in an oliguric state
A postvoid residual urine volume > 100 mL suggests inadequate bladder emptying (eg, due to bladder outlet obstruction or detrusor muscle weakness and neurogenic bladder)
Hyperkalemia is treated as needed with IV infusion of 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate , 50 g of dextrose , and 5 to 10 units of insulin . These medications do not reduce total body potassium, so further (but slower-acting) treatment is needed (eg, intestinal potassium binders, diuretics, dialysis).
Hemodialysis or hemofiltration is initiated when Severe electrolyte abnormalities cannot otherwise be controlled (eg, potassium > 6 mmol/L) Pulmonary edema persists despite treatment with medication Metabolic acidosis is unresponsive to treatment Uremic symptoms occur
Nephrotoxic medications are discontinued, and all medications excreted by the kidneys (eg, digoxin , some antibiotics) are adjusted
The most serious complications of this process are hyperkalemia and pulmonary edema.
Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia are common in AKI and may be profound in patients with rhabdomyolysis or tumor lysis syndrome
Symptoms of uremia may develop later as nitrogenous products accumulate. Such symptoms include Anorexia Nausea Vomiting Weakness Myoclonic jerks Seizures Confusion Coma
even after recovery from AKI (eg, normal post-discharge kidney function), patients are still at risk for future CKD and ESKD
Uveďte štádiá AKI podľa KDIGO.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Opíšte fázy AKI podľa diurézy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú indikácie hemodialýzy alebo hemofiltrácie pri AKI?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.