Uveďte príklady paraneoplastických syndrómov pri karcinóme pľúc a histologický typ, s ktorým sa spájajú.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 51
| karcinóm pľúc (bronchogénny karcinóm) | carcinoma pulmonis |
| malobunkový karcinóm pľúc | carcinoma microcellulare pulmonis |
| nemalobunkový karcinóm pľúc | |
| adenokarcinóm | adenocarcinoma |
| skvamocelulárny karcinóm | carcinoma planocellulare |
| Pancoastov nádor | |
| Hornerov syndróm | |
| syndróm hornej dutej žily | syndroma venae cavae superioris |
| paraneoplastický syndróm | |
| nízkodávkové CT |
Lung tumors may be: Primary Metastatic from other sites in the body Primary tumors of the lung may be: Malignant
Lung cancer is classified into 2 major categories: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC), about 15% of cases Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), about 85% of cases
The most important cause of lung cancer, accounting for approximately 85% of cases, is cigarette smoking (1). Both active smoking (including cigars) and exposure to secondhand smoke are causes
Other confirmed or possible risk factors include air pollution, marijuana smoking, and exposure to carcinogens (eg, asbestos, formaldehyde, dioxins, cobalt, arsenic, cadmium
chronic exposure to household radon increases lung cancer risk and is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States
For example, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, and pulmonary fibrosis increase susceptibility to lung cancer.
Approximately 25% of patients with lung cancer are asymptomatic, and the disease is detected incidentally with chest imaging obtained for another reason
Local tumors can cause cough, most commonly non-productive, that is chronic or persistent.
Regional spread of tumor may cause pleuritic chest pain or dyspnea due to the development of a pleural effusion, hoarseness due to tumor encroachment on the recurrent laryngeal nerve, and dyspnea and hypoxia from diaphragmatic paralysis
Pancoast syndrome occurs when apical tumors, usually NSCLC (Pancoast tumor), invade the brachial plexus, pleura, or ribs, causing shoulder and upper-extremity pain and weakness or atrophy of the ipsilateral hand.
These findings are suggestive but not diagnostic of lung cancer and require follow-up with CT scans or combined PET–CT scans.
Establishing the diagnosis of lung cancer requires pathologic confirmation of malignancy in a pulmonary or metastatic lesion through tissue sampling for histologic and molecular analysis.
EBUS can be done during bronchoscopy and has an excellent yield; it is the preferred method for staging the mediastinum, except in cases where the lymph nodes cannot be sampled due to anatomic considerations.
NSCLC treatment is based on precision medicine, with comprehensive molecular testing performed to guide selection of both immunotherapy and targeted therapy.
The standard approach is surgical resection with lobectomy combined with mediastinal lymph node sampling or complete lymph node dissection
Lesser resections, including segmentectomy and wedge resection, may be superior to lobectomy for some patients, especially if tumors are small (≤ 2 cm) and/or peripheral in location
Patients with early-stage disease for whom surgery is high risk may instead have local, non-surgical treatment, such as radiation therapy (stereotactic or conventional) or radiofrequency ablation
In patients with stage IV disease and sensitive mutations (eg, EGFR deletion exon 19, exon 21 L858 mutation, ALK translocations, ROS1), targeted therapy directed at the actionable mutation should be given as first-line therapy.
Overall treatment approaches in SCLC generally consist of systemic therapy with platinum-based chemotherapy and immunotherapy, such as a PD-L1 inhibitor. For patients with limited-stage disease, radiation is often concurrently given with chemotherapy.
Superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome results from compression or invasion of the SVC and can cause headache or a sensation of head fullness, facial or upper-extremity swelling, breathlessness when supine, dilated veins in the neck, face, and upper trunk
Hypercalcemia (in patients with squamous cell carcinoma, which results from the tumor producing parathyroid hormone–related protein, or because of extensive bone metastases that cause production of osteoclast-activating factors)
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion (in patients with small cell lung cancer)
Brain, causing behavioral changes, confusion, aphasia, seizures, gait instability, paresis or paralysis
Uveďte príklady paraneoplastických syndrómov pri karcinóme pľúc a histologický typ, s ktorým sa spájajú.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Komu a akou metódou sa podľa USPSTF (2021) odporúča skríning karcinómu pľúc?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako sa podľa rozsahu delí malobunkový karcinóm pľúc (limitované vs. extenzívne štádium)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.