Aké sú kritériá CRAB pri mnohopočetnom myelóme (IMWG)?
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🫀 Interná medicína · 53
| chronická myelocytová leukémia | leukaemia myeloides chronica |
| Filadelfský chromozóm | |
| fúzny gén BCR::ABL1 | |
| inhibítor tyrozínkinázy | |
| splenomegália | splenomegalia |
| blastová fáza | |
| mnohopočetný myelóm | myeloma multiplex |
| plazmocytóm | plasmocytoma |
| monoklonálny proteín (M-proteín) | |
| Bence Jonesova bielkovina | |
| monoklonálna gamapatia nejasného významu (MGUS) | |
| osteolytické lézie |
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) occurs when a pluripotent stem cell undergoes malignant transformation and clonal myeloproliferation, leading to a striking overproduction of mature and immature granulocytes.
The hallmark of CML is the presence of the BCR::ABL1 fusion gene, created by the t(9;22) which gives rise to the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome abnormality
Multiple myeloma is a cancer of plasma cells that produce monoclonal immunoglobulin and invade and destroy adjacent bone tissue.
The BCR::ABL oncoprotein has uncontrolled tyrosine kinase activity, which deregulates cellular proliferation, decreases adherence of leukemia cells to the bone marrow stroma, and protects leukemic cells from normal programmed cell death (apoptosis).
The etiology is unknown, although chromosomal and genetic factors, radiation, and chemicals have been suggested.
It is thought to arise from a pre-malignant, asymptomatic phase of clonal plasma cell growth called monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS).
The M-protein (monoclonal immunoglobulin protein) produced by the malignant plasma cells is IgG in about 50 to 55% of myeloma patients and IgA in about 20%
Initially, pallor, bleeding, easy bruising, and lymphadenopathy are unusual, but moderate or occasionally extreme splenomegaly is common (60 to 70% of cases)
Criteria for BP include: (1) ≥20% myeloid blasts in the blood or bone marrow; or (2) the presence of an extramedullary proliferation of blasts; or (3) the presence of increased lymphoblasts in peripheral blood or bone marrow.
it is often seen in an older adult with some variation of constitutional symptoms or CRAB (hypercalcemia, renal dysfunction, anemia, and/or bone pain with lytic lesions).
Pathologic (fragility) fractures (ie, fractures that occur with minimal or no trauma) are common, and vertebral collapse may lead to spinal cord compression and paraplegia.
Neutrophilia (a left-shifted white blood cell differential), basophilia, and eosinophilia are common.
diagnosis depends on its detection or inference, by cytogenetics (conventional chromosome banding analysis (CBA) or fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)) and/or by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays.
However, bone marrow involvement is patchy; therefore, some samples from patients with myeloma may show < 10% plasma cells.
The revised IMWG criteria allow, in addition to the classic CRAB features, three myeloma defining events (MDEs).
60% or greater clonal plasma cells on bone marrow examination
Six TKI are currently approved for first-line therapy, the first generation TKI imatinib, three 2GTKI, dasatinib, nilotinib, and bosutinib, the 4th generation drug, asciminib, in some countries and radotinib in South Korea.
Molecular monitoring to assess BCR::ABL1 mRNA levels in blood cells is recommended at least every 3 months until major molecular remission is achieved and confirmed.
Therapy involves direct treatment of malignant cells in patients with symptoms and those with myeloma-related organ dysfunction (anemia, renal dysfunction, hypercalcemia, or bone disease).
Among patients initially presenting without organ dysfunction, risk factors for requiring rapid treatment of myeloma include > 60% plasma cells in bone marrow > 1 lesion on MRI
Patients with these risk factors are considered to have active myeloma and require immediate treatment
Patients who are fit for transplant typically receive induction therapy over 3 or 4 months to decrease the tumor burden. This is followed by peripheral blood stem cell mobilization and harvesting, and then an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT)
The blast phase leads to fulminant complications resembling those of acute leukemia, including sepsis and bleeding.
Renal failure has many causes, and most commonly, it results from deposition of light chains in the distal tubules (myeloma-related kidney disease) or hypercalcemia.
Because of lack of normal antibodies and other immune dysfunction, some patients have increased susceptibility to bacterial infection.
Amyloidosis occurs in 10% of patients who have myeloma, most often in patients with lambda-type M-proteins
Aké sú kritériá CRAB pri mnohopočetnom myelóme (IMWG)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte myelóm definujúce biomarkery (myelóm definujúce udalosti) podľa revidovaných kritérií IMWG.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako sa podľa ELN 2025 monitoruje a hodnotí molekulová odpoveď na liečbu CML?
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