Uveďte príklady liekov, ktoré môžu vyvolať akútnu tubulointersticiálnu nefritídu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 55
| tubulointersticiálna nefritída | nephritis tubulointerstitialis |
| akútna intersticiálna nefritída | nephritis interstitialis acuta |
| sterilná pyúria | |
| leukocytové valce | |
| eozinofilúria | |
| analgetická nefropatia | |
| betalaktámové antibiotiká | |
| inhibítory protónovej pumpy | |
| biopsia obličky |
Tubulointerstitial nephritis is primary injury to renal tubules and interstitium resulting in decreased renal function. The acute form is most often due to allergic drug reactions or to infections. The chronic form occurs with a diverse array of causes
The most common form of AIN in developed countries is caused by drug exposure, estimated at 70% to 75% of cases.
NSAIDs are the most common class of drugs causing DI-AIN, responsible for 44% of cases.
Antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, rifampin, sulfonamides, and ciprofloxacin account for about 33% of DI-AIN.
Proton pump inhibitors are an increasing cause of AIN, with an estimated 12/100,000 population incidence. [20] In some studies, they are the second most common underlying trigger for DI-AIN.
Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (CTIN) arises when chronic tubular insults cause gradual interstitial infiltration and fibrosis, tubular atrophy and dysfunction, and a gradual deterioration of renal function, usually over years.
Symptoms and signs of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis (ATIN) may be nonspecific and are often absent unless symptoms and signs of renal failure develop. Many patients develop polyuria and nocturia (due to a defect in urinary concentration and sodium reabsorption).
Fever and urticarial rash are characteristic early manifestations of medication-induced ATIN, but the classically described triad of fever, rash, and eosinophilia is present in < 10% of patients with medication-induced ATIN.
ATIN symptom onset may be as long as several weeks after initial toxic exposure or as soon as 3 to 5 days after a second exposure; extremes in latency range from 1 day with rifampin to 18 months with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).
Symptoms and signs are generally absent in chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis unless renal failure develops. Edema usually is not present, and blood pressure is normal or only mildly elevated in the early stages.
Urinalysis that shows signs of active kidney inflammation (active urinary sediment), including red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and WBC casts, and absence of bacteria on culture (sterile pyuria) is typical; marked hematuria and dysmorphic RBCs are uncommon.
Modest proteinuria, usually < 1 g/day (except with use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs], which may cause nephrotic-range proteinuria, 3.5 g/day)
Eosinophiluria cannot be relied upon to make or exclude the diagnosis.
A presumptive clinical diagnosis of ATIN is often made based on the specific findings mentioned above, but renal biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis.
Treatment of both ATIN and CTIN is management of the cause.
For immunologically induced ATIN and sometimes medication-induced ATIN, corticosteroids (eg, prednisone 1 mg/kg orally once/day with gradual tapering of the dose over 4 to 6 weeks) may accelerate recovery.
For medication-induced ATIN, corticosteroids are most effective when given within 2 weeks of stopping the causative medications. NSAID-induced ATIN is less responsive to corticosteroids than other medication-induced ATIN. ATIN should be proven by biopsy before corticosteroids are started.
In patients with CTIN and progressive renal injury, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) may slow disease progression but should not be used together because of an additive risk of hyperkalemia and accelerating disease progression.
ATIN causes acute kidney injury; severe cases, delayed therapy, or continuance of an offending medication can lead to permanent injury and chronic kidney disease.
Blood test findings of tubular dysfunction include hypokalemia (caused by a defect in potassium reabsorption) and a nonanion gap metabolic acidosis (caused by a defect in proximal tubular bicarbonate reabsorption or in distal tubular acid excretion).
Uveďte príklady liekov, ktoré môžu vyvolať akútnu tubulointersticiálnu nefritídu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú typické laboratórne a zobrazovacie nálezy pri akútnej tubulointersticiálnej nefritíde?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Uveďte príklady príčin chronickej tubulointersticiálnej nefritídy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.