Ako sa podľa GINA hodnotí kontrola príznakov astmy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 57
| bronchiálna astma | asthma bronchiale |
| bronchokonstrikcia | bronchoconstrictio |
| exacerbácia astmy | exacerbatio asthmatis |
| status asthmaticus | status asthmaticus |
| piskoty (sipot) | |
| atopia | atopia |
| inhalačný kortikosteroid | |
| krátkodobo pôsobiaci β2-agonista (SABA) | |
| bronchodilatačný test | |
| vrcholový výdychový prietok (PEF) | |
| frakcia vydychovaného oxidu dusnatého (FeNO) |
Asthma: a chronic (long-term) respiratory disease with many variations (phenotypes), usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation.
Before ICS treatment is started, asthma has two defining features
Atopy (the genetic predisposition to form allergen-induced IgE responses) is the most significant identifiable risk factor for developing asthma
Triggers include viral respiratory infections, allergens in the air at home or work (for example, house dust mite, pets, pollens, or cockroach particles), tobacco smoke or vaping, exercise, and stress.
Some medicines (for example, beta-blockers) can cause asthma symptoms or exacerbations. In some patients, aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs cause asthma symptoms or exacerbations.
It is difficult to breathe out because the airways become narrower (bronchoconstriction), the airway walls become thicker, and there is more mucus.
Typical asthma symptoms are wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and cough. These features support the diagnosis of asthma: • The person’s symptoms vary in frequency and intensity. • Symptoms often occur or worsen at night or when the person wakes up.
Physical examination is often normal. Wheezing may be heard, especially during forced expiration.
Asthma exacerbation (also called asthma flare-up or asthma attack): acute or sub-acute (sudden or gradual) worsening in symptoms (shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, or chest tightness) and lung function, compared with the person’s usual condition.
Patients with a severe exacerbation and impending respiratory failure typically have some combination of altered consciousness, cyanosis, pulsus paradoxus > 15 mm Hg, oxygen saturation < 90%, PaO2 < 60 mm Hg, and PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg.
To confirm the diagnosis of asthma, there should be a history of typical variable respiratory symptoms and evidence of variable expiratory airflow (current or previous).
Adults: FEV1 or FVC increases by ≥12% and by ≥200 mL from the pre-bronchodilator value (or PEF increases by ≥20%)
In patients with typical asthma symptoms, if spirometry or PEF is not available or testing is negative, elevated FeNO (adults/adolescents: >50 ppb; children: >35 ppb) or blood eosinophils above national/regional reference range can support the diagnosis of Type 2 asthma
In the past 4 weeks, has the patient had: Well controlled Partly controlled Uncontrolled None of these 1–2 of these 3–4 of these Daytime symptoms more than twice/week? Any night waking due to asthma? SABA* reliever needed more than twice/week? Any activity limitation due to asthma?
For safety, GINA recommends that asthma should not be treated solely with as-needed SABA.
SABA-only treatment is associated with increased risk of exacerbations, worse lung function, and increased risk of death due to asthma.
The preferred treatment, in which the reliever is low-dose ICS-formoterol (“Track 1”, page 24).
If SABA is the only reliever available, the patient should take it when symptoms occur, and should take a low dose of ICS immediately after taking the SABA each time
Start oral corticosteroids (except for mild exacerbations): Adults: prednisolone 40–50 mg each morning for 5–7 days.
The term status asthmaticus describes severe, intense, prolonged bronchospasm that is resistant to treatment.
Severe exacerbations can be fatal, even in people with infrequent symptoms.
However, in people with asthma for many years, airflow limitation may become permanent.
Over-use of SABA (for example, ≥3 x 200-dose canisters dispensed in a year) is associated with an increased risk of severe exacerbations compared with 0–2 canisters. Dispensing of ≥12 SABA canisters (possibly less) in a year is associated with increased risk of death due to asthma.
Ako sa podľa GINA hodnotí kontrola príznakov astmy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte rizikové faktory exacerbácií astmy podľa GINA 2026.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Opíšte zásady liečby exacerbácie astmy v primárnej starostlivosti podľa GINA 2026.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.