Kedy má byť podľa EAU 2026 pri cystitíde vykonaná kultivácia moču?
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🫀 Interná medicína · 58
| pyelonefritída | pyelonephritis |
| cystitída | cystitis |
| infekcia močových ciest | |
| asymptomatická bakteriúria | bacteriuria asymptomatica |
| vezikoureterálny reflux | refluxus vesicoureteralis |
| refluxová nefropatia | |
| urosepsa | urosepsis |
| papilárna nekróza | necrosis papillaris renalis |
| perinefrický absces | abscessus perinephriticus |
| dyzúria | dysuria |
| mikčná cystouretrografia |
According to the new definition, UTIs can manifest as either localised (i.e. cystitis) or systemic (e.g. pyelonephritis, prostatitis, etc.) infection.
Pyelonephritis is bacterial infection of the kidney parenchyma.
Reflux nephropathy is renal scarring presumably induced by vesicoureteral reflux of infected urine into the renal parenchyma.
In patients with structurally normal genitourinary tracts, strains of E. coli with specific attachment factors for transitional epithelium of the bladder and ureters account for 80% of cases
The majority of UTIs occur when bacteria ascend the urethra to the bladder and, in the case of pyelonephritis, ascend the ureter to the kidney (1). The remainder of UTIs are hematogenous.
Factors such as urinary tract abnormalities, the presence of urinary catheters, previous antibiotic treatment and underlying health conditions (e.g. diabetes, renal impairment and neurological disorders) can significantly influence the outcome of UTIs.
Reflux requires incompetent ureterovesical valves or mechanical obstruction in the lower urinary tract. Young children with shorter intravesical portions of the ureter are most susceptible
Cystitis onset is usually sudden, typically with frequency, urgency, and burning or painful voiding of small volumes of urine.
Pyelonephritis is suggested in case of fever (> 38°C), chills, flank pain, nausea, vomiting or costovertebral angle tenderness, with or without the typical symptoms of cystitis
Pregnant women with acute pyelonephritis require special attention, as this type of infection may not only have an adverse effect on the mother with anaemia, renal and respiratory insufficiency, but also on the unborn child with more frequent preterm labour and birth
Few symptoms and signs other than occasional UTI are present in young children, and the diagnosis is often overlooked until adolescence, when patients present with some combination of the following: Polyuria Nocturia Hypertension Symptoms and signs of renal insufficiency
The diagnosis of cystitis can be made with a high probability based on a focused history of lower urinary tract symptoms (dysuria, frequency and urgency) and the absence of vaginal discharge
Urinalysis, including the assessment of white and red blood cells and nitrite, is recommended for routine diagnosis [228]. In addition, urine culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing should be performed in all cases of pyelonephritis.
Initial imaging should be performed by ultrasound. In case of hydronephrosis or if obstruction of the upper urinary tract is suspected, cross-sectional imaging (CT, MRI) should be carried out.
Diagnosis and staging of reflux nephropathy (prenatal or postnatal presentation) are ultimately made with voiding cystourethrography (VCUG), which can demonstrate the degree of ureteral dilation.
oral treatment with fosfomycin trometamol 3g single-dose, pivmecillinam 400mg three times daily for three to five days, and nitrofurantoin (e.g. nitrofurantoin monohydrate/macrocrystals 100mg twice daily for five days) should be considered for first-line treatment when available
Treat patients with pyelonephritis not requiring hospitalisation with short-course fluoroquinolones as first-line treatment.
Do not use nitrofurantoin, oral fosfomycin and pivmecillinam to treat pyelonephritis.
Patients with pyelonephritis requiring hospitalisation should be treated initially with an intravenous antimicrobial regimen, e.g. a fluoroquinolone, an aminoglycoside (with or without ampicillin) or an extended-spectrum cephalosporin or penicillin/tazobactam
Patients with severe reflux are at higher risk of renal insufficiency and are usually given antibiotic prophylaxis or undergo surgical interventions, including ureteral reimplantation or endoscopic injection of materials behind the ureter to prevent reflux
It is vital to differentiate as soon as possible between pyelonephritis with or without risk factors, such as obstructive pyelonephritis, as the latter can rapidly lead to urosepsis.
Papillary necrosis may occur in acute pyelonephritis associated with diabetes, obstruction, sickle cell disease, pyelonephritis in renal transplants, pyelonephritis due to candidiasis, or analgesic nephropathy.
Occasionally, a renal cortical abscess or perinephric abscess requires surgical drainage.
Children with gross reflux (up to the renal pelvis plus ureteral dilation) are at highest risk of scarring and subsequent chronic kidney disease.
Kedy má byť podľa EAU 2026 pri cystitíde vykonaná kultivácia moču?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
U ktorých skupín EAU 2026 odporúča asymptomatickú bakteriúriu NEvyhľadávať a NEliečiť?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte lokálne a systémové príznaky IMC podľa klasifikácie EAU 2026.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.