Porovnajte typ krvácania pri poruchách krvných doštičiek a pri koagulopatiách (napr. hemofílii).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 59
| hemoragická diatéza | diathesis haemorrhagica |
| hemofília | haemophilia |
| von Willebrandova choroba | morbus von Willebrand |
| imunitná trombocytopénia | thrombocytopenia immunis |
| petechie | petechiae |
| hemartróza | haemarthros |
| trombofília | thrombophilia |
| faktor V Leiden | |
| antifosfolipidový syndróm | |
| antitrombín | |
| dezmopresín | desmopressinum |
| aktivovaný parciálny tromboplastínový čas |
Abnormal bleeding can result from disorders of the coagulation system, of platelets, or of blood vessels. Disorders of coagulation can be acquired or hereditary.
Numerous genetic, acquired, and environmental factors can tip the balance in favor of coagulation, leading to the pathologic formation of thrombi in veins (eg, deep venous thrombosis), arteries (eg, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke), or cardiac chambers.
Hereditary disorders of platelet function consist of von Willebrand disease, the most common hereditary hemorrhagic disease, and inherited platelet function disorders, which are much less common.
Hemophilia A (factor VIII deficiency), which affects approximately 80% of patients with hemophilia, and hemophilia B (factor IX deficiency) have identical clinical manifestations and screening test abnormalities. Both are X-linked genetic disorders.
Acquired disorders of platelet dysfunction are commonly due to diseases (eg, renal failure) as well as to aspirin and other medications such as NSAIDs.
Genetic defects that increase the propensity for venous thromboembolism include: Factor V Leiden mutation, which causes resistance to activated protein C (APC) Prothrombin 20210 gene mutation Deficiency of protein C Deficiency of protein S Deficiency of protein Z Antithrombin deficiency
Platelet disorders are suspected in patients with petechiae and mucosal bleeding.
Bleeding into the tissues (often delayed for up to a day after trauma) suggests a coagulation disorder (eg, hemophilia).
Patients with hemophilia bleed into tissues (eg, hemarthroses, muscle hematomas, retroperitoneal hemorrhage).
Common manifestations of a thrombotic disorder include unexplained deep venous thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE).
Patients in whom a coagulation disorder is suspected require laboratory evaluation beginning with: Prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) Complete blood count (CBC) with platelet count
A prolonged PTT with a normal platelet count and PT suggests hemophilia A or B, and factor VIII and IX assays are indicated.
Patients who have normal initial test results, along with symptoms or signs of bleeding and a positive family history, should be tested for von Willebrand disease by measuring plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen, ristocetin cofactor activity
ristocetin cofactor activity (an indirect test of VWF function), VWF multimer pattern, and factor VIII levels.
society guidelines suggest targeted testing in patients at high risk of inherited thrombophilia where the results of testing may influence therapy
If symptoms suggest bleeding, treatment should begin immediately, even before diagnostic tests are completed. For example, treatment for headache that might indicate intracranial hemorrhage should begin before CT is completed. Replacement of the deficient factor is the primary treatment.
For patients with type 1 VWD, desmopressin, an analog of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) that stimulates release of VWF into the plasma and may increase levels of factor VIII, can be helpful.
Desmopressin is usually ineffective in type 2 and in type 3 VWD. In type 2B VWD, desmopressin can exacerbate thrombocytopenia.
Suggests either rituximab plus corticosteroids (±IVIG) or a thrombopoietic agent plus corticosteroids (±IVIG) rather than MMF plus corticosteroids (±IVIG) or corticosteroids (±IVIG) alone.
If rituximab and thrombopoietic agents are not available, suggests corticosteroids (±IVIG) alone over MMF plus corticosteroids (±IVIG).
In patients with thrombotic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), indefinite treatment with warfarin with a target INR of 2 to 3 is the standard approach
Higher rates of recurrent thromboembolism with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been noted, particularly in patients with arterial thrombosis or in those in whom all 3 diagnostic tests are positive. Therefore, DOACs should not be used for these high-risk patients with APS.
Chronic or recurrent hemarthroses can lead to synovitis and arthropathy. Even a trivial blow to the head can cause intracranial bleeding.
After repeated exposure to factor VIII or IX replacement, approximately 30% of patients with severe hemophilia A (2) and 3% with hemophilia B (3) develop factor VIII or factor IX isoantibodies (alloantibodies)
discontinuation of parenteral anticoagulants such as unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin before factor II and X levels have fallen sufficiently (to 20 to 40% of normal activity) can precipitate warfarin skin necrosis.
In a small proportion of patients with APS, widespread thromboses occur in small vessels supplying multiple organs, often including the brain (causing neurologic defects).
Porovnajte typ krvácania pri poruchách krvných doštičiek a pri koagulopatiách (napr. hemofílii).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Pri akých okolnostiach sa má zvážiť ďalšie vyšetrenie trombofílie u pacienta s tromboembolizmom bez zjavnej príčiny?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú stupne závažnosti hemofílie podľa hladiny faktora VIII alebo IX?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.