Aké sú kritériá na indikáciu dlhodobej domácej oxygenoterapie pri stabilnej CHOCHP?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 60
| chronická obštrukčná choroba pľúc | morbus pulmonum obstructivus chronicus |
| emfyzém pľúc | emphysema pulmonum |
| chronická bronchitída | bronchitis chronica |
| exacerbácia | exacerbatio |
| spirometria | spirometria |
| deficit α1-antitrypsínu | |
| cor pulmonale | cor pulmonale |
| hyperinflácia pľúc | |
| dlhodobá oxygenoterapia | |
| dlhodobo pôsobiaci antagonista muskarínových receptorov (LAMA) | |
| dlhodobo pôsobiaci β2-agonista (LABA) | |
| neinvazívna ventilácia |
COPD is a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, sputum production and/or exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airways (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction.
The main environmental exposures leading to COPD are tobacco smoking and the inhalation of toxic particles and gases from household and outdoor air pollution, but other environmental and host factors (including abnormal lung development and accelerated lung aging) can also contribute.
Among all inhalational exposures, cigarette smoking is the primary risk factor in most countries, although only approximately 15% of people who smoke develop clinically apparent COPD (1). The risk for COPD increases with both duration (years of smoking) and cumulative dose (pack-years)
The best documented genetic risk factor for COPD are mutations in the SERPINA1 gene that leads to the hereditary deficiency of α-1 antitrypsin
Emphysema is destruction of lung parenchyma leading to a loss of elastic recoil, loss of alveolar septa, and radial airway traction, which increases the tendency for airway collapse.
Patients with COPD typically complain of dyspnea, activity limitation and/or cough with or without sputum production
Signs of COPD include wheezing, a prolonged expiratory phase of breathing, lung hyperinflation manifested as decreased heart and lung sounds, and increased anteroposterior diameter of the thorax (barrel chest).
Signs of advanced disease include pursed-lip breathing, accessory respiratory muscle use, paradoxical inward movement of the lower rib cage during inspiration (Hoover sign), and cyanosis.
An exacerbation of COPD is an acute event with symptoms worsening over a few days (up to 14 days) and characterized by increased dyspnea and/or cough and sputum that may be accompanied by tachypnea and/or tachycardia.
spirometry with post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7 is mandatory to establish the diagnosis of COPD.
Airflow limitation severity in patients with COPD and FEV1/FVC < 0.70 can be classified based on post-bronchodilator FEV1 (1): Mild: ≥ 80% of predicted Moderate: 50% to 79% of predicted Severe: 30% to 49% of predicted Very severe: < 30% of predicted
The goals of the initial COPD assessment are to determine the severity of airflow obstruction, assess the impact of current symptoms on the patient, and their risk of future events (such as exacerbations, hospital admissions, or death), to guide therapy.
GOLD recommends that all patients with a diagnosis of COPD should be tested for AATD.
All individuals who smoke should be strongly encouraged and supported to quit. Nicotine replacement and pharmacotherapy reliably increase long-term smoking abstinence rates.
Treatment should be initiated with a LABA+LAMA combination.
provided there are no issues regarding availability, cost and side-effects LABA+LAMA is the preferred choice for initial therapy of patients in group E.
Use of LABA+ICS in COPD is not encouraged. If there is an indication for an ICS, then LABA+LAMA+ICS has been shown to be superior to LABA+ICS and is therefore the preferred choice.
Consider LABA+LAMA+ICS as initial therapy in group E if eosinophil counts are ≥ 300 cells/µL (practical recommendation).
LTOT should not be prescribed routinely for patients with stable COPD and resting or exercise-induced moderate desaturation, but it may improve survival in patients with severe resting chronic hypoxemia (PaO2 ≤ 55 mmHg or < 60 mmHg if there is cor pulmonale or secondary polycythemia).
Chronic alveolar hypoxia increases pulmonary vascular tone, which, if diffuse, causes pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale.
Spontaneous pneumothorax may occur (possibly related to rupture of bullae) and should be suspected in any patient with COPD whose pulmonary status abruptly worsens.
Lung cancer is a major cause of death in patients with COPD. An annual LDCT scan is recommended for lung cancer screening in patients with a smoking history, similar to recommendations for the general population.
The risk of a major cardiovascular event is significantly increased during and up to one year after a moderate or severe exacerbation.
Aké sú kritériá na indikáciu dlhodobej domácej oxygenoterapie pri stabilnej CHOCHP?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Opíšte farmakologickú a ventilačnú liečbu stredne ťažkej až ťažkej exacerbácie CHOCHP podľa GOLD 2026.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aká je úvodná farmakologická liečba CHOCHP podľa skupín A, B a E (GOLD 2026)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.