Vymenujte indikácie na odstránenie uretérového konkrementu podľa EAU.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 61
| urolitiáza | urolithiasis |
| nefrolitiáza | nephrolithiasis |
| renálna kolika | colica renalis |
| hydronefróza | hydronephrosis |
| obštrukčná uropatia | |
| obštrukčná nefropatia | |
| pyonefróza | pyonephrosis |
| postobštrukčná diuréza | |
| medikamentózna expulzívna liečba | |
| perkutánna nefrostómia | nephrostomia percutanea |
| struvitový konkrement |
Urinary calculi are solid particles in the urinary system.
Obstructive uropathy is structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, sometimes leading to kidney dysfunction (obstructive nephropathy).
Non-infection stones Calcium oxalate Calcium phosphate Uric acid Ammonium urate* Infection stones Magnesium ammonium phosphate Highly carbonated apatite Ammonium urate Genetic causes Cystine Xanthine 2,8-Dihydroxyadenine Drug stones
Magnesium ammonium phosphate calculi (struvite, infection calculi) indicate the presence of urinary tract infection caused by urea -splitting bacteria (eg, Proteus species, Klebsiella species).
Children: Anatomic abnormalities (including posterior urethral valves [which occur only in boys] or stricture and stenosis at the ureterovesical or ureteropelvic junction) Young adults: Calculi
Older adults: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) , prostate cancer and other malignancies, urethral stricture , neurogenic bladder , and calculi
Many conditions can cause obstructive uropathy, which may be acute or chronic, partial or complete, and unilateral or bilateral
Obstruction may occur at any level, from the renal tubules (casts, crystals) to the external urethral meatus.
Pain (renal colic) is of variable intensity but is typically excruciating and intermittent, often occurs cyclically, and lasts 20 to 60 minutes. Nausea and vomiting are common.
Patients with renal colic may be unable to lie still and may pace, writhe, or constantly shift position.
Pain in the flank or kidney area that radiates across the abdomen suggests upper ureteral or renal pelvic obstruction. Pain that radiates along the course of the ureter into the genital region suggests lower ureteral obstruction.
Large calculi remaining in the renal parenchyma or renal collecting system are often asymptomatic unless they cause obstruction and/or infection.
Gross hematuria also occurs, but not in all patients with urinary tract stones.
Urine volume does not diminish in unilateral obstruction unless it occurs in the only functioning kidney (functionally solitary kidney). Absolute anuria occurs with complete obstruction at the level of the bladder or urethra.
Ultrasound (US) should be used as the primary diagnostic imaging tool, although pain relief, or any other emergency measures, should not be delayed by imaging assessments.
Use non-contrast-enhanced computed tomography to confirm stone diagnosis in patients with acute flank pain following initial ultrasound assessment.
Immediate imaging is indicated with pyrexia or a solitary kidney, and when diagnosis is uncertain.
Dipstick test of spot urine sample: red cells; white cells; nitrites; approximate urine pH; and urine microscopy and/or culture.
Serum blood sample: creatinine; uric acid; (ionised) calcium; sodium; potassium; blood cell count; and C-reactive protein.
Abdominal ultrasound is the initial imaging test of choice in most patients without urethral abnormalities
Ultrasound is aimed at detection of hydronephrosis.
Also, absence of hydronephrosis (and false-negative results) can occur if obstruction is early (in the first few days) or mild or if retroperitoneal fibrosis or tumor encases the collecting system, preventing dilation of the ureter.
Offer a nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory as the first drug of choice, depending on cardiovascular risk factors and side effects.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may affect renal function in those patients with pre-existing decreased GFR.
Offer opioids (hydromorphone, pentazocine or tramadol) or ketamine in the acute setting as second choice.
Prompt drainage of hydronephrosis is indicated if kidney function is compromised, urinary tract infection (UTI) persists, or pain is uncontrollable or persistent. Immediate drainage is indicated if obstruction is accompanied by infection.
Offer renal decompression or ureteroscopic stone removal in case of analgesia-refractory colic pain.
Offer α-blockers as medical expulsive therapy as one of the treatment options for distal ureteral stones 5–10mm.
However, these medications are used off label.
Medical expulsive therapy should only be used in informed patients if active stone removal is not indicated. Treatment should be discontinued if complications develop (infection, refractory pain, deterioration of renal function).
Urgently decompress the collecting system in case of sepsis with obstructing stones using percutaneous drainage or ureteral stenting.
Start antibiotics immediately (+ intensive care, if necessary).
Delay definitive treatment of the stone until sepsis is resolved.
The obstructed kidney with all signs of urinary tract infection (UTI) and/or anuria is a urological emergency.
Obstructive pyelonephritis is considered a surgical emergency because it rapidly progresses to urosepsis and septic shock without proper treatment.
Obstructive nephropathy is kidney dysfunction (acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, kidney failure, or tubulointerstitial damage) resulting from urinary tract obstruction.
Most obstruction can be corrected, but a delay in therapy can lead to irreversible kidney damage.
Increased urine output with polyuria and nocturia occur if the ensuing nephropathy causes impaired renal concentrating capacity and sodium reabsorption. Long-standing nephropathy may also result in hypertension .
Pathologic POD can lead to severe complications, including dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, hypotension, hypovolemic shock, and even death.
urine output exceeds 200 mL/h for 2 consecutive hours or exceeds 3 L in 24 hours
Vymenujte indikácie na odstránenie uretérového konkrementu podľa EAU.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aký je postup pri obštrukčnej obličke so sepsou pri konkremente podľa EAU?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké laboratórne vyšetrenia a analýzu konkrementu odporúča EAU u pacienta s urolitiázou?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.