Aké sú kritériá ťažkej komunitnej pneumónie podľa IDSA/ATS (2007, prevzaté v ATS/IDSA 2019)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 63
| pneumónia | pneumonia |
| komunitná pneumónia | |
| nozokomiálna pneumónia | pneumonia nosocomialis |
| aspiračná pneumónia | |
| pľúcny absces | abscessus pulmonis |
| bronchiektázie | bronchiectasiae |
| empyém hrudníka | empyema thoracis |
| primárna ciliárna dyskinéza | |
| alergická bronchopulmonálna aspergilóza | |
| cystická fibróza | fibrosis cystica |
| hemoptýza | haemoptysis |
Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lower respiratory tract that affects the alveoli and distal airways that triggers both local and systemic inflammation.
Lung abscess is a necrotizing lung infection characterized by a pus-filled circumscribed cavitary lesion.
Bronchiectasis is a common inflammatory lung condition defined by the presence of permanent dilation of the bronchi and a characteristic clinical syndrome
Community-acquired pneumonia is defined as pneumonia that is acquired outside the hospital.
develops at least 48 hours after hospital admission in patients who are not receiving mechanical ventilation and who have not been extubated within the last 48 hours.
Hospital-acquired pneumonia includes postoperative pneumonia but does not include patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia
The most commonly identified pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, atypical bacteria (ie, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella species), and viruses.
The most common pathogens are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli
Most lung abscesses develop after aspiration of oral secretions in patients with gingivitis or poor oral hygiene. Typically, patients have altered consciousness
The most common pathogens of lung abscesses due to aspiration are anaerobic bacteria, but about half of all cases involve both anaerobic and aerobic organisms
The most common anaerobic pathogens are Peptostreptococcus Fusobacterium Prevotella Bacteroides
Common causes are cystic fibrosis, immune defects, and recurrent infections, though some cases seem to be idiopathic.
Congenital defects in mucociliary clearance such as primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) syndromes may also be a cause
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillus species that occurs most commonly in people with asthma, but sometimes in patients with CF, can cause or contribute to bronchiectasis.
Symptoms and signs are fever, cough, sputum production, pleuritic chest pain, dyspnea, tachypnea, and tachycardia.
Symptoms of abscess due to anaerobic bacteria or mixed anaerobic and aerobic bacteria are usually chronic, developing over weeks or months, and include productive cough, fever and chills, night sweats, and weight loss
Sputum may be purulent or blood-streaked and classically smells or tastes foul.
The most common presenting symptom is chronic cough that produces thick, tenacious, and often purulent sputum. Dyspnea and wheezing are common
Hemoptysis can occur in some patients due to airway neovascularization and can be massive and life-threatening.
A bronchiectasis exacerbation is defined as a patient with bronchiectasis with deterioration for at least 48 hours and ≥ 3 of the following symptoms
Breathlessness and/or exercise intolerance Cough Fatigue and/or malaise Hemoptysis Increase in sputum purulence Increase in sputum volume and/or consistency In addition, a clinician must determine that a change in treatment is warranted.
The diagnosis of pneumonia is suspected on the basis of clinical presentation and findings on chest imaging
The initial imaging test commonly performed is chest radiography, on which infiltrates may be seen
In addition to clinical judgement, we recommend that clinicians use a validated clinical prediction rule for prognosis, preferentially the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence) over the CURB-65
CURB-65 (tool based on confusion, urea level, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and age ≥65) (conditional recommendation, low quality of evidence), to determine the need for hospitalization in adults diagnosed with CAP
is confirmed by chest radiograph showing cavitation. In an anaerobic infection due to aspiration, chest radiograph classically shows consolidation with a single cavity containing an air-fluid level in portions of the lung that would be dependent when the patient is recumbent
High-resolution CT is the imaging modality of choice to definitively diagnose as well as define the extent of bronchiectasis.
Typical CT findings include airway dilation (in which the inner lumen of 2 or more airways exceeds the diameter of the adjacent artery) and the signet ring sign
Investigating for underlying causes and associated conditions is critical at first diagnosis and should also be repeated when patients deteriorate or have a significant change in clinical status
some disorders, such as immunodeficiency, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection and cystic fibrosis among others, have specific disease modifying treatments
No comorbidities or risk factors for MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa * Amoxicillin or doxycycline or macrolide (if local pneumococcal resistance is <25%)
With comorbidities ‡ Combination therapy with amoxicillin/clavulanate or cephalosporin AND macrolide or doxycycline § OR monotherapy with respiratory fluoroquinolone
9.1 In inpatient adults with nonsevere CAP without risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa
monotherapy with a respiratory fluoroquinolone (levofloxacin 750 mg daily, moxifloxacin 400 mg daily) (strong recommendation, high quality of evidence)
In inpatient adults with severe CAP ( see Table 1 ) without risk factors for MRSA or P. aeruginosa , we recommend ( Table 4 ) (note, specific agents and doses are the same as 9.1): • a β-lactam plus a macrolide (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence)
a β-lactam plus a macrolide (strong recommendation, moderate quality of evidence); or • a β-lactam plus a respiratory fluoroquinolone
The primary choice is a combination beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor, for example, ampicillin/sulbactam
Optimal duration of treatment is unknown, but common practice is to treat until the chest radiograph shows complete resolution or a small, stable, residual scar, which generally takes 3 to 6 weeks or longer.
providing a strong recommendation that all patients with bronchiectasis should be taught
antibiotics administered guided by prior microbiology. Antibiotics are typically prescribed for 14 days, but the guideline suggests shortening this to 7–10 days if patients have antibiotic sensitive organisms or patients respond quickly to treatment
Lung abscesses can then form as a result of a localized pneumonia that develops necrosis and a cavitary lesion filled with pus
S. pneumoniae and S. aureus (including MRSA) can also cause necrotizing pneumonia.
In about 10% of cases, direct or indirect extension (via bronchopleural fistula) into the pleural cavity can result in empyema.
Complicated lung abscess can cause pyopneumothorax or pleural empyema.
chronic inflammation and hypoxemia can cause neovascularization of the bronchial (not the pulmonary) arteries. Bronchial artery walls rupture easily, leading to hemoptysis, which can be massive and life threatening.
Other vascular complications include pulmonary hypertension due to vasoconstriction, arteritis, and sometimes shunting from bronchial to pulmonary vessels. Right heart failure and respiratory failure may occur in severe cases.
Aké sú kritériá ťažkej komunitnej pneumónie podľa IDSA/ATS (2007, prevzaté v ATS/IDSA 2019)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aký je typický RTG nález pri pľúcnom abscese po aspirácii a aké sú hlavné zásady jeho liečby?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú hlavné zásady liečby bronchiektázií u dospelých podľa ERS 2025 (výber najdôležitejších)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.