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🫀 Interná medicína · 65
| intersticiálne choroby pľúc | |
| idiopatická pľúcna fibróza | fibrosis pulmonum idiopathica |
| obyčajná intersticiálna pneumónia (UIP) | pneumonia interstitialis usualis |
| nešpecifická intersticiálna pneumónia | pneumonia interstitialis nonspecifica |
| hypersenzitívna pneumonitída | alveolitis allergica extrinseca |
| sarkoidóza | sarcoidosis |
| pneumokonióza | pneumoconiosis |
| voštinovitá prestavba pľúc (honeycombing) | |
| paličkovité prsty | digiti hippocratici |
| progresívna pľúcna fibróza | |
| akútna exacerbácia IPF | exacerbatio acuta |
Interstitial lung diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by primary pathologic processes usually affecting the interstitium of the lungs with eventual spread to involve other lung tissues (eg, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi).
These pathologic processes include diffuse alveolar septal thickening, fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and, if the process remains unchecked, pulmonary fibrosis.
ILD of unknown origin is classified as idiopathic (primary) based on histopathological and radiological assessments.
sarcoidosis, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia, which includes desquamative interstitial pneumonia (or newly named alveolar macrophage pneumonia [AMP]), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis
Systemic rheumatic disorders Ankylosing spondylitis (rare) Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (particularly, antisynthetase syndrome) Goodpasture syndrome IgG-4 related disease Mixed connective tissue disease Rheumatoid arthritis Sjögren syndrome Systemic lupus erythematosus Systemic sclerosis
Selected list*: Amiodarone , bleomycin , busulfan , carbamazepine , checkpoint inhibitors, chlorambucil , cocaine , cyclophosphamide , phenytoin , flecainide , heroin, melphalan , methotrexate , methylphenidate , mineral oil (via chronic microaspiration), nitrofurantoin
Various types of mineral dust are associated with ILD, with silica, asbestos, coal mine dust, beryllium, and hard metal being frequently implicated.
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis results from immune-mediated lung injury following repeated inhalation of organic antigens, including avian proteins (bird fancier lung), fungal spores (farmer lung, mold-related hypersensitivity pneumonitis), and occupational agents.
Symptoms and signs of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis typically develop over months to several years and include progressively worsening dyspnea on exertion and nonproductive cough, present in virtually every patient with IPF.
On physical examination, bibasilar fine end-inspiratory crackles (described as Velcro-like crepitations) are characteristic but not consistently observed.
Clubbing is present in about 50% of cases
Patients with advanced disease may exhibit physical signs of pulmonary hypertension, such as an increased intensity of P2 of the second heart sound, elevated jugular venous pressure, and peripheral edema.
Honeycombing is an essential computed tomography criterion for typical (“definite”) usual interstitial pneumonia–idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pattern when seen with a basal and peripheral predominance.
Pulmonary function testing usually reveals typical features of restrictive lung disease due to fibrosis.
Reduced DLCO is seen in nearly every patient with IPF and helps confirm the diagnosis if other clinical and radiographic features of IPF are also present.
in the appropriate clinical context, histopathological confirmation of the UIP pattern is not required to ascertain the diagnosis of IPF in patients with either the probable UIP pattern or the UIP pattern
Patients with a radiological pattern of probable usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) can receive a diagnosis of IPF after multidisciplinary discussion (MDD) without confirmation by lung biopsy in the appropriate clinical setting (e.g., 60 yr old, male, smoker).
Guidelines from the ATS suggest that a surgical lung biopsy should be considered when a diagnosis of IPF cannot be established noninvasively, particularly if clinical and radiological evidence does not align with UIP, unless the patient is at high risk of complications.
A conditional recommendation was made to regard transbronchial lung cryobiopsy as an acceptable alternative to surgical lung biopsy in centers with appropriate expertise.
Pirfenidone and nintedanib are antifibrotic medications that slow progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Treatment considerations should include both pharmacological (nintedanib and pirfenidone) and nonpharmacological (oxygen supplementation and/or pulmonary rehabilitation) therapies.
Providing supplemental oxygen to patients with hypoxemia at rest or during exertion if the arterial oxygen saturation is less than 88%
We recommend that patients with IPF should not be treated with corticosteroid monotherapy (strong recommendation, very low-quality evidence).
We suggest nintedanib for the treatment of PPF in patients who have failed standard management for fibrotic ILD, other than IPF (conditional recommendation, low-quality evidence).
Short-term treatment is with glucocorticoids; long-term treatment is antigen avoidance and, if fibrosis is present, often immunosuppression and/or antifibrotic therapy.
Acute exacerbation (AE)-ILD is defined as a new bilateral ground-glass opacity superimposed on a preexisting fibrotic pattern with no identifiable cause (excluding infection, cardiac failure, or volume overload) and is the most feared complication of IPF and other fibrotic ILDs.
Pulmonary hypertension develops in 30% to 40% of patients with advanced interstitial lung disease due to hypoxic vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and fibrosis-induced compression of the pulmonary vasculature.
Lung cancer occurs more frequently in patients with IPF, but cause of death is usually respiratory failure.
Causes of acute deterioration include infections, deep venous thrombosis , pulmonary embolism , pneumothorax , and heart failure .
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Aké sú typické príznaky a fyzikálny nález pri idiopatickej pľúcnej fibróze?
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Uveďte najmä hlavné zásady liečby idiopatickej pľúcnej fibrózy.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.