Vymenujte príčiny primárneho a sekundárneho hypopituitarizmu (príklady).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 67
| hypopituitarizmus | hypopituitarismus |
| adenohypofýza | adenohypophysis |
| Sheehanov syndróm | |
| apoplexia hypofýzy | apoplexia hypophysis |
| prolaktinóm | prolactinoma |
| galaktorea | galactorrhoea |
| akromegália | acromegalia |
| rastový hormón | somatotropinum |
| inzulínu podobný rastový faktor 1 (IGF-1) | |
| kabergolín | cabergolinum |
Generalized hypopituitarism refers to endocrine deficiency syndromes due to partial or complete loss of anterior lobe pituitary function.
Gigantism and acromegaly are conditions caused by of excessive secretion of growth hormone (hypersomatotropism), nearly always due to a pituitary adenoma.
(primary hypopituitarism) Pituitary tumors Adenoma Craniopharyngioma Autoimmune dysfunction Lymphocytic hypophysitis Iatrogenic Medications (eg, hypophysitis due to immune checkpoint inhibitors such as CTLA-4 and PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors) Irradiation Surgical extirpation
Sheehan syndrome, which affects postpartum patients, is pituitary necrosis due to hypovolemia and shock occurring in the immediate peripartum period.
Prolactin is the hormone most frequently produced in excess by pituitary tumors.
Hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea also may be caused by ingestion of certain medications, including phenothiazines and some other antipsychotics, certain antihypertensives (especially methyldopa and verapamil ), and opioids.
Most commonly, growth hormone (GH) is lost first, then gonadotropins, and finally thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).
ACTH deficiency results in hypoadrenalism with attendant fatigue, hypotension, and intolerance to stress and infection. ACTH deficiency does not result in the hyperpigmentation characteristic of primary adrenal failure.
Adult females with galactorrhea commonly also have amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea.
When GH hypersecretion begins after epiphyseal closure, the earliest clinical manifestations are coarsening of the facial features and soft-tissue swelling of the hands and feet.
Patients should undergo high-resolution CT or MRI, with contrast agent as required (to exclude structural abnormalities, such as pituitary adenomas).
Initial evaluation should include testing for TSH and ACTH deficiencies, because both conditions are potentially life threatening.
TSH is typically inappropriately low or normal in relation to low levels of circulating T4.
Serum IGF-1 should be measured in patients with suspected acromegaly; IGF-1 levels are typically substantially elevated (3-fold to 10-fold), and because IGF-1 levels do not fluctuate like GH levels do, they are the simplest way to assess GH hypersecretion.
Corticosteroid replacement should be initiated before the thyroid hormone replacement to prevent the risk of precipitating an adrenal crisis.
Increased dosages of corticosteroids are required during stressful situations, surgery, or pregnancy.
Cabergoline is the treatment of choice because it is more easily tolerated (has a lower frequency of adverse effects) and more potent than bromocriptine .
Selective removal of the pituitary tumor with surgery is considered first-line therapy for most patients ( 1 ). Patients with comorbidities that prevent safe surgical resection and those with unresectable tumors may be treated with primary medical therapy.
Acute symptoms include severe headache, stiff neck, fever, visual field defects, and oculomotor palsies.
For instance, ACTH deficiency can lead to an adrenal crisis, whereas TSH deficiency may cause myxedema coma, potentially resulting in death.
Patients treated with radiation may lose endocrine function slowly over years.
Snoring is a common symptom, and obstructive sleep apnea occurs in 40 to 50% of patients. Colonic polyps are increased as a result of GH excess.
Vymenujte príčiny primárneho a sekundárneho hypopituitarizmu (príklady).
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú klinické prejavy akromegálie?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú zásady substitučnej liečby a edukácie pri hypopituitarizme?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.