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🫀 Interná medicína · 70
| pleurálny výpotok | effusio pleuralis |
| transudát | transsudatum |
| exsudát | exsudatum |
| empyém pleury | empyema pleurae |
| pneumotorax | pneumothorax |
| tenzný pneumotorax | |
| hrudná punkcia (torakocentéza) | thoracocentesis |
| mediastinitída | mediastinitis |
| tymóm | thymoma |
| paralýza bránice | paralysis diaphragmatis |
| bráničná hernia | hernia diaphragmatica |
Pleural effusions are accumulations of fluid within the pleural space.
Pneumothorax is air in the pleural space causing partial or complete lung collapse.
Mediastinitis is inflammation of the mediastinum.
Heart failure is the most common cause, followed by cirrhosis with ascites, and by hypoalbuminemia in conjunction with increased hydrostatic pressure as occurs in the nephrotic syndrome
Causes are numerous; the most common are infections, including bacterial pneumonia ( parapneumonic effusion ), viral infection, and tuberculosis (TB), cancer, and pulmonary embolism
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax occurs in patients without underlying pulmonary disease, classically in tall, thin men in their teens and 20s.
The 2 most common causes of acute mediastinitis are: Esophageal perforation Sternal wound infection following median sternotomy
Physical findings classically consist of absent tactile fremitus, hyperresonance to percussion, and decreased breath sounds on the affected side.
Patients with esophageal perforation become acutely ill within hours, with severe chest pain and dyspnea due to mediastinal inflammation.
Large anterior mediastinal masses may cause dyspnea when patients are lying supine.
In many instances, patients with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis may be asymptomatic, with elevated hemidiaphragm found incidentally on chest imaging.
Pleural fluid is an exudate if one or more of the following criteria are met: • Pleural fluid protein divided by serum protein is >0.5 • Pleural fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) divided by serum LDH is >0.6 • Pleural fluid LDH >2/3 the upper limits of laboratory normal value for serum LDH
Image-guided thoracentesis should always be used to reduce the risk of complications.
Tension pneumothorax is a medical emergency and should be diagnosed clinically; time should not be wasted confirming the diagnosis with a chest radiograph.
In unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis, the paralyzed hemidiaphragm either shows no movement or has a paradoxical movement into the thoracic cavity with sniffing or deep inspiration
Conservative management can be considered for the treatment of minimally symptomatic (ie, no significant pain or breathlessness and no physiological compromise) or asymptomatic primary spontaneous pneumothorax in adults regardless of size.
Emergency decompression must be followed immediately by tube thoracostomy, after which the catheter is removed.
If pleural fluid pH ≤7.2 this implies a high risk of CPPE or pleural infection and an intercostal drain (ICD) should be inserted if the volume of accessible pleural fluid on ultrasound makes it safe to do so.
Patients who have severe mediastinitis with pleural effusion or pneumothorax require emergency surgical exploration of the mediastinum with primary repair of the esophageal tear and drainage of the pleural space and mediastinum.
Without appropriate treatment, impaired systemic venous return can cause systemic hypotension, respiratory arrest, and cardiac arrest (pulseless electrical activity) within minutes.
Empyema is frank pus in the pleural space. It can occur as a complication of pneumonia, thoracotomy, abscesses (lung, hepatic, or subdiaphragmatic), or penetrating trauma with secondary infection.
An intense fibrotic process develops, leading to compression of mediastinal structures, which can cause the superior vena cava syndrome , tracheal narrowing, or obstruction of the pulmonary arteries or veins.
Acquired diaphragmatic hernia is rare but can be life-threatening, resulting in bowel incarceration and strangulation with an overall mortality rate of up to 31%.
Image guided versus non-image guided intervention for suspected unilateral pleural effusion
Aké sú Lightove kritériá a čo znamenajú?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte najčastejšie mediastinálne masy u dospelých podľa kompartmentu.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako postupovať pri suspektnej pleurálnej infekcii podľa pH pleurálnej tekutiny (BTS 2023)?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.