Pri akých príznakoch treba u pacienta nad 50 rokov myslieť na obrovskobunkovú arteritídu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 71
| polymyalgia rheumatica | polymyalgia rheumatica |
| obrovskobunková arteritída | arteritis gigantocellularis |
| temporálna arteritída (Hortonova choroba) | arteritis temporalis |
| klaudikácia čeľuste | |
| biopsia temporálnej artérie | biopsia arteriae temporalis |
| prechodná monokulárna strata zraku | amaurosis fugax |
| rýchlosť sedimentácie erytrocytov (FW) | |
| glukokortikoidy | glucocorticoida |
| ranná stuhnutosť |
Polymyalgia rheumatica is a syndrome closely associated with giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis). It affects adults > 50 years. It typically causes severe pain and stiffness in proximal muscles, without weakness or atrophy
Giant cell arteritis involves predominantly the thoracic aorta, large arteries emerging from the aorta in the neck, and extracranial branches of the carotid arteries.
Etiology and pathogenesis of polymyalgia rheumatica are unknown. Ultrasound and MRI findings suggest that there is low-grade axial synovitis and bursitis.
Polymyalgia rheumatica affects adults > 50; the female:male ratio is 2:1.
Females are affected more often. Mean age at onset is approximately 70 years, with a range of 50 to > 90 years
Mononuclear cell infiltrates in the adventitia form granulomas containing activated T cells and macrophages. Multinucleated giant cells, when present, cluster near the disrupted elastic lamina.
Polymyalgia rheumatica is characterized by bilateral proximal aching of the shoulder and hip girdle muscles and the back (upper and lower) and neck muscles. Stiffness in the morning is typical and lasts > 60 minutes.
The pain may make patients feel weak, but objective muscle weakness is not a feature of the disorder.
Severe, sometimes throbbing headache (temporal, occipital, frontal, or diffuse) is the most common symptom. It may be accompanied by scalp pain elicited by touching the scalp or combing the hair.
Jaw claudication is noted especially when firm foods are chewed. Jaw claudication and diplopia are associated with a higher risk of blindness.
In > 80% of patients, ESR is markedly elevated, often > 100 mm/hour, usually > 50 mm/hour (Westergren method). C-reactive protein is also elevated.
Polymyalgia rheumatica is suspected in older patients with typical symptoms, but other possible causes must be excluded. Tests include erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein, complete blood count, thyroid-stimulating hormone levels, and creatine kinase (CK).
Obtain complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein and do temporal artery biopsy or ultrasound.
Color Doppler ultrasound of the temporal artery may detect vessel wall edema, seen as a halo, when performed by experts
Ultrasound of the temporal artery should be done before treatment is started or within 5 days, because corticosteroids decrease the test sensitivity.
When clinical suspicion of GCA is high, treatment with systemic glucocorticoids must be initiated immediately, without awaiting confirmatory results.
Conversely, for the majority of patients with suspected PMR or TAK, glucocorticoid initiation can safely be delayed until objective diagnostics are completed.
For patients with new-onset PMR, oral glucocorticoids should be initiated for remission induction at 15-25mg per day, followed by a gradual taper to 10mg per day within the first two months. The ultimate target is to successfully cease steroid therapy within one year.
New-onset GCA patients should start oral glucocorticoids at an initial dose of 40-60mg per day. This should be systematically tapered to 15 to 20mg by months two to three, aiming for complete cessation within 12 to 18 months.
Advanced adjunctive therapies using either tocilizumab or the JAK inhibitor upadacitinib should be actively considered for GCA patients, particularly those with refractory disease or those facing a steep risk of steroid-related adverse events.
utilising methotrexate as an acceptable alternative strategy.
the medication should be given with caution to patients with a history of diverticulitis because of the risk of diverticular perforation.
Vision loss is caused by arteritis of branches of the ophthalmic artery or posterior ciliary arteries, which leads to ischemia of the optic nerve.
Optic nerve infarction, once started, cannot be reversed regardless of corticosteroid dose.
Thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection of the aorta are serious, often late complications of aortitis and may progress in the absence of other symptoms.
Neurologic manifestations, such as strokes and transient ischemic attacks, can result when the carotid or vertebrobasilar arteries or branches are narrowed or occluded.
More than one-half of patients taking corticosteroids have drug-related complications.
Older patients taking prednisone long term should be given an antiresorptive medication to increase bone mass and prevent osteoporosis.
Pri akých príznakoch treba u pacienta nad 50 rokov myslieť na obrovskobunkovú arteritídu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú úvodné dávky glukokortikoidov pri novovzniknutej PMR a GCA podľa EULAR 2025 a ciele ich znižovania?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako odlíšite polymyalgia rheumatica od autoimunitnej myozitídy, hypotyreózy a mnohopočetného myelómu?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.