Vymenujte možnosti liečby Gravesovej-Basedowovej hypertyreózy a ich hlavné obmedzenia.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 72
| hypertyreóza | hyperthyreosis |
| hypotyreóza | hypothyreosis |
| Gravesova-Basedowova choroba | morbus Basedowi |
| Hashimotova tyreoiditída | thyreoiditis Hashimoto |
| struma | struma |
| exoftalmus | exophthalmus |
| tyreotoxická kríza | |
| myxedémová kóma | coma myxoedematosum |
| tyreostatiká | |
| levotyroxín | levothyroxinum |
Hyperthyroidism is characterized by hypermetabolism and elevated serum levels of free thyroid hormones.
Hypothyroidism may be primary (caused by disease in the thyroid) or secondary (caused by disease in the hypothalamus or pituitary).
Hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone deficiency.
The most common causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves disease Multinodular goiter Single, autonomous, hyperfunctioning "hot" nodule Thyroiditis Graves disease (toxic diffuse goiter), the most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease is caused by an autoantibody (TSI) against the thyroid receptor for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH); unlike most autoantibodies, which are inhibitory, this autoantibody is stimulatory
In the United States, the most common cause is autoimmune inflammation. It usually results from Hashimoto thyroiditis
The second most common cause is treatment for hyperthyroidism (post-therapeutic hypothyroidism), especially after radioactive iodine therapy or surgery for hyperthyroidism, goiter, or thyroid cancer.
Hypothyroidism may occur in patients taking lithium
Hypothyroidism may also occur in patients taking amiodarone or other iodine-containing medications, in patients taking interferon-alfa, and in patients being treated for cancer with checkpoint inhibitors or some tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Many common symptoms of hyperthyroidism are due to enhanced sensitivity to adrenergic hormones, such as nervousness, palpitations, hyperactivity, increased sweating, heat hypersensitivity, fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, insomnia, weakness, and frequent bowel movements
Signs may include warm, moist skin, tremor, tachycardia, widened pulse pressure, and atrial fibrillation.
Exceptions include infiltrative ophthalmopathy and infiltrative dermopathy, which occur only in Graves disease.
Older patients, particularly those with toxic nodular goiter, may present atypically (apathetic or masked hyperthyroidism) with symptoms more akin to depression or dementia. Most do not have exophthalmos or tremor.
Atrial fibrillation, syncope, altered sensorium, heart failure, and weakness are more likely.
Symptoms include cold intolerance, fatigue, and weight gain. Signs may include a typical facial appearance, hoarse slow speech, and dry skin.
Serum TSH measurement is the best test because TSH is suppressed in patients with hyperthyroidism except in the rare instance when the etiology is a TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma or pituitary resistance to the normal inhibition by thyroid hormone. Free T4 is increased in hyperthyroidism.
The measurement of TSH-R-Ab is a sensitive and specific tool for rapid and accurate diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Graves' hyperthyroidism.
US examination, comprising conventional grey scale analysis and color-flow or power Doppler examination is recommended as the imaging procedure to support the diagnosis of Graves' hyperthyroidism.
Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone measurement is the most sensitive test for diagnosing hypothyroidism.
In primary hypothyroidism, TSH is elevated and T4 is low; in secondary hypothyroidism, both TSH and T4 are low.
In secondary hypothyroidism, free T4 and serum TSH are low (sometimes TSH is normal but with decreased bioactivity).
Subclinical hypothyroidism is elevated serum TSH in patients with absent or minimal symptoms of hypothyroidism and normal serum levels of free thyroxine (T4).
Patients with newly diagnosed Graves' hyperthyroidism should be treated with ATD. RAI therapy or thyroidectomy may be considered in patients who prefer this approach.
MMI (CBZ) should be used in every non-pregnant patient who chooses ATD therapy for Graves' hyperthyroidism.
MMI is administered for 12–18 months then discontinued if the TSH and TSH-R-Ab levels are normal.
Pregnancy and breast feeding constitute absolute contraindications to RAI therapy
The dose used should be the lowest that restores serum TSH levels to the midnormal range (though this criterion cannot be used in patients with secondary hypothyroidism). In secondary hypothyroidism the dose of levothyroxine should achieve a free T4 level in the midnormal range.
In patients with heart disease, therapy is begun with low doses of levothyroxine, usually 25 mcg once a day.
In patients with secondary hypothyroidism, levothyroxine should not be given until there is evidence of adequate cortisol secretion (or cortisol therapy is given), because levothyroxine could precipitate adrenal crisis.
Thyroid storm is an acute form of hyperthyroidism that results from untreated or inadequately treated severe hyperthyroidism.
It may be precipitated by infection, trauma, surgery, embolism, diabetic ketoacidosis, or preeclampsia.
in approximately 0.1% of patients, reversible agranulocytosis.
If agranulocytosis occurs, the patient cannot be switched to the other medication; other therapy (eg, radioiodine, surgery) should be used.
Myxedema coma is a life-threatening complication of hypothyroidism, usually occurring in patients with a long history of hypothyroidism.
Its characteristics include coma with extreme hypothermia (temperature 24° to 32.2° C), areflexia, seizures, and respiratory depression with carbon dioxide retention.
Patients with serum TSH < 0.1 microU/mL (0.1 mU/L) have an increased incidence of atrial fibrillation (particularly older patients), reduced bone mineral density, increased fractures, and increased mortality.
Vymenujte možnosti liečby Gravesovej-Basedowovej hypertyreózy a ich hlavné obmedzenia.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Čo je tyreotoxická kríza, čo ju vyvoláva a ako sa prejavuje?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ako interpretujete TSH a voľný T4 pri primárnej, sekundárnej a subklinickej hypotyreóze?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.