Aké sú typické RTG znaky osteoartrózy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
🫀 Interná medicína · 74
| osteoartróza | osteoarthrosis |
| osteofyt | osteophytum |
| Heberdenove uzly | |
| Bouchardove uzly | |
| gonartróza | gonarthrosis |
| koxartróza | coxarthrosis |
| osteoporóza | osteoporosis |
| fragilitná zlomenina | |
| denzitometria (DXA) | |
| bisfosfonáty | |
| kompresívna zlomenina stavca | fractura compressiva vertebrae |
Osteoarthritis is a chronic arthropathy characterized by progressive loss of joint cartilage along with other joint changes, including bone hypertrophy (periarticular osteophyte formation and sclerosis).
Osteoporosis is a progressive metabolic bone disease that decreases bone mineral density (bone mass per unit volume), with deterioration of bone structure. Skeletal fragility leads to fractures with minor or inapparent trauma
Osteoarthritis is classified as primary (idiopathic) or secondary to some known cause.
Secondary osteoarthritis results from conditions that change the microenvironment of the cartilage or joint structure. These conditions include significant trauma, congenital joint abnormalities, metabolic defects (eg, hemochromatosis, Wilson disease)
Obesity triggers some of these defects in cartilage metabolism, leading to cartilage matrix damage
compounded by mechanical factors due to excess weight.
Nearly all occurrences of osteoporosis in men and women are primary, without an identifiable underlying cause. Most cases occur in postmenopausal women and older men.
Medications and substances (eg, chronic use of glucocorticoids, antiseizure medications, medroxyprogesterone, aromatase inhibitors
Endocrine disease (eg, Cushing syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypogonadism, hyperprolactinemia, diabetes mellitus)
Cancer (eg, multiple myeloma)
Pain is usually worsened by weight bearing and relieved by rest but can eventually become constant. Stiffness follows awakening or inactivity but generally lasts < 30 minutes and lessens with movement.
The joints most often affected by osteoarthritis include the following: Distal interphalangeal (DIP) and proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints (causing Heberden and Bouchard nodes, respectively) Thumb carpometacarpal joint
Intervertebral discs and zygapophyseal joints in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae First metatarsophalangeal joint Hip Knee
Patients with osteoporosis are asymptomatic unless a fracture has occurred. Nonvertebral fractures are typically symptomatic, but approximately two-thirds of vertebral compression fractures are asymptomatic
Multiple thoracic compression fractures eventually cause dorsal kyphosis, with exaggerated cervical lordosis (dowager hump).
Radiographs generally reveal marginal osteophytes, narrowing of the joint space, increased density of the subchondral bone, subchondral cyst formation, bony remodeling, and sometimes joint effusions.
Laboratory studies are normal in osteoarthritis
in osteoarthritis, synovial fluid is usually clear, viscous, and has ≤ 2000 WBC/mcL.
The operational definition of osteoporosis is based on the T-score for BMD assessed by DXA at the femoral neck or spine and is defined as a value for BMD 2.5 SD or more below the young female adult mean.
A T-score < -1.0 and > -2.5 defines osteopenia. A T-score ≤ -2.5 defines osteoporosis.
Alternatively, osteoporosis can also be diagnosed based on the occurrence of a fragility fracture, regardless of the bone mineral density score.
predicts the 10-year probability of a major osteoporotic (hip, spine, forearm, or humerus) fracture in untreated patients.
In people with OA, education about the disease and its management should be provided, and participation in self-management programs to enhance self-efficacy should be encouraged.
In people with knee and hip OA, we strongly recommend exercise.
In people with knee and hip OA meeting criteria for overweight or obesity, we strongly recommend weight loss.
In people with knee, hip, and hand OA, we strongly recommend oral NSAIDs.
In people with knee and hand OA, we strongly recommend topical NSAIDs.
In people with knee and hip OA, we strongly recommend intraarticular glucocorticoid injections.
Recommendations should include a daily calcium intake of between 800 and 1200 mg and sufficient dietary protein, ideally achieved through dairy products. A daily dose of 800 IU cholecalciferol should be advised for postmenopausal women at increased risk of fracture.
Bisphosphonates are first-line therapy
In patients at high risk of fracture, starting treatment with an anabolic agent seems most appropriate to promptly reduce the fracture risk
Oral bisphosphonates must be taken on an empty stomach with a full (8-oz, 250 mL) glass of water. After administration, the patient must remain upright for at least 30 minutes (60 minutes for ibandronate)
and not take anything else by mouth during this time period, because food decreases bioavailability.
These medications are safe to use in patients with a creatinine clearance > 35 mL/minute.
Esophageal disorders that delay transit time and symptoms of upper gastrointestinal disorders are relative contraindications to oral bisphosphonates.
Patients taking denosumab should not undergo a drug holiday because discontinuation may cause a rapid loss in bone mineral density and, importantly, increase the risk of fractures, particularly vertebral fractures, often multiple
If and when denosumab is discontinued, patients should be transitioned to a bisphosphonate such as IV zoledronic acid for at least a year
Denosumab is contraindicated in patients with hypocalcemia
Cervical and lumbar spinal osteoarthritis may lead to myelopathy or radiculopathy.
Lumbar spinal stenosis may cause lower back or leg pain that is worsened by walking (neurogenic claudication, sometimes called pseudoclaudication) or back extension.
As osteoarthritis progresses, joint motion becomes restricted
Flexion contractures may develop.
Deformity and subluxations can also develop.
The most common sites for fragility fractures are the following: Spine (thoracic and lumbar vertebral compression fractures—the most common osteoporosis-related fracture) Femoral neck Greater trochanter Distal radius
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) and atypical femoral fractures have been rarely reported in patients receiving antiresorptive therapy with bisphosphonates, and also with use of romosozumab, or denosumab
Aké sú typické RTG znaky osteoartrózy?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Vymenujte skupiny liekov na liečbu osteoporózy s príkladmi.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Ktoré lokalizácie sú typické pre fragilitné (osteoporotické) zlomeniny a ktoré zlomeniny sa za osteoporotické nepovažujú?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.