Vymenujte typy reakcií z precitlivenosti podľa Gella a Coombsa a uveďte príklady.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 75
| alergia | allergia |
| atopia | atopia |
| precitlivenosť (hypersenzitivita) | hypersensitivitas |
| anafylaxia | anaphylaxia |
| anafylaktický šok | |
| urtikária | urticaria |
| angioedém | angiooedema |
| kožný prick test | |
| alergénová imunoterapia | |
| antihistaminiká | |
| adrenalín (epinefrín) | adrenalinum (epinephrinum) |
Allergic (including atopic) and other hypersensitivity disorders are pathological and/or exaggerated immune reactions to foreign or self antigens.
Atopy is an exaggerated IgE-mediated immune response; all atopic disorders are type I hypersensitivity disorders. Allergy is any exaggerated immune response to a foreign antigen regardless of mechanism.
Hypersensitivity reactions are divided into 4 types (I through IV) by the Gell and Coombs classification
Type I hypersensitivity reactions (immediate hypersensitivity) are IgE-mediated.
Type I hypersensitivity reactions develop < 1 hour after exposure to antigen.
Type II hypersensitivity reactions (antibody-dependent cytotoxic hypersensitivity) result when antibody binds to cell surface antigens or to a molecule coupled to a cell surface.
Disorders involving type II reactions include hyperacute graft rejection of an organ transplant, Coombs-positive hemolytic anemias, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and anti-glomerular basement membrane (Anti-GBM) disease.
Type III hypersensitivity reactions (immune complex disease) cause inflammation in response to circulating antigen-antibody immune complexes that have been deposited in vessels or tissue.
Type III disorders include serum sickness, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions (delayed hypersensitivity) do not involve antibodies (ie, humoral immunity) but are mediated by T cells (ie, cell-mediated immunity).
Disorders involving type IV reactions include contact dermatitis (eg, poison ivy), Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN), drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS)
Sources of allergens that most commonly cause acute and chronic allergic reactions (type I and type IV) include: House dust mite feces Animal dander Pollens (tree, grass, weed) Molds Foods Insect saliva and venom (transmitted by bites and stings) Medications
Common symptoms of type I hypersensitivity allergic disorders include: Rhinorrhea, sneezing, and nasal congestion (upper respiratory tract) Wheezing and dyspnea (lower respiratory tract) Pruritus (eyes, nose, skin) Urticarial or other rash (skin)
Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or intra-abdominal organs
Stridor, wheezing, and hypotension are life-threatening signs of anaphylaxis.
Anaphylaxis is a serious systemic hypersensitivity reaction that is usually rapid in onset and may cause death.
Severe anaphylaxis is characterized by potentially life-threatening compromise in airway, breathing and/or the circulation, and may occur without typical skin features or circulatory shock being present.
Symptoms of anaphylaxis typically begin within 15 minutes of exposure to a triggering factor
Late-phase reactions may occur 4 to 8 hours after the exposure or later.
A thorough history is required. History should include: Questions about the age and/or timing of onset, frequency and duration of attacks and changes over time Triggering factors if identifiable Relation to seasonal or situational settings
Family history of similar symptoms or of atopic disorders
The prick test can detect most common environmental allergies; it is usually done first. The intradermal test is more sensitive but less specific
A test is considered positive if a wheal and flare reaction occurs and wheal diameter is 3 mm greater than that of the negative control after 15 to 20 minutes.
These tests are done when skin testing might be ineffective or risky—for example, when medications that interfere with test results cannot be temporarily stopped before testing or when a skin disorder such as eczema, dermatographism, or psoriasis would make skin testing difficult.
Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency, and treatment should not be delayed for diagnostic testing. However, anaphylaxis can be confirmed by measuring serum levels of tryptase (preferably within 2 hours of the reaction).
Removal or avoidance of allergic triggers is the primary treatment and preventive strategy for allergy.
Antihistamines that block the H1 receptor (H1 blockers) are a mainstay of treatment for allergic disorders.
All have significant sedative and anticholinergic properties; they pose particular problems for older patients and for patients with glaucoma, benign prostatic hyperplasia
Second-generation antihistamines are usually preferred.
Allergen immunotherapy is indicated when allergen exposure cannot be avoided and pharmacotherapy proves inadequate.
Patients should be observed for about 30 minutes postinjection during dose escalation because anaphylaxis may occur after injection.
The dose recommended for use by healthcare professionals is 0.01 mg/kg of body weight, to a maximum total dose of 0.5 mg, given by the intramuscular route
Dosing should be repeated every 5–15 min if symptoms are refractory to treatment.
Maximal absorption occurs when epinephrine is given IM in the anterolateral (mid-outer) aspect of the thigh.
the intravenous route is not recommended for the initial treatment of anaphylaxis
Anaphylactic shock is a hemodynamically severe subset of anaphylaxis in which there is circulatory failure
Around half of biphasic reactions occur within the first 6–12 h following reaction.
Patients with anaphylaxis need to be observed: this is important especially in severe reactions and those requiring multiple doses of epinephrine.
Uncontrolled, severe asthma is a recognized risk factor for fatal anaphylaxis.
Beta-blocker therapy has been shown to be a risk factor for severe anaphylaxis
Parenteral administration of glucagon may be used in patients with anaphylaxis with no optimal response to epinephrine (adrenaline), in particular, in patients taking beta-blockers
range from mild cough or sneezing to generalized urticaria, severe asthma, anaphylactic shock, and, rarely, death.
Vymenujte typy reakcií z precitlivenosti podľa Gella a Coombsa a uveďte príklady.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú klinické kritériá anafylaxie podľa WAO 2020?
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Popíšte liečbu anafylaxie.
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