Vymenujte spúšťače akútneho porfyrického ataku.
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🫀 Interná medicína · 79
| porfýria | porphyria |
| akútna intermitentná porfýria | porphyria acuta intermittens |
| porphyria cutanea tarda | porphyria cutanea tarda |
| variegátna porfýria | porphyria variegata |
| erytropoetická protoporfýria | protoporphyria erythropoetica |
| porfobilinogén | |
| kyselina δ-aminolevulová | |
| porfobilinogéndeamináza | |
| uroporfyrinogéndekarboxyláza | |
| hem (hemín, hem-arginát) | |
| givosiran | |
| flebotómia | phlebotomia |
Porphyrias are rare disorders in which there are defects in the pathway of heme synthesis, in all but one type (X-linked protoporphyria), due to genetic or acquired deficiencies of enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway.
Two major clinical manifestations occur: neurovisceral abnormalities (the acute porphyrias) and cutaneous photosensitivity (the cutaneous porphyrias).
Acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) and PCT are the most common porphyrias.
Porphobilinogen deaminase (also called hydroxymethylbilane synthase) Acute intermittent porphyria Yes No Autosomal dominant
There are 2 main types of porphyria cutanea tarda: Type 1: Acquired or sporadic (75 to 80% of cases) Type 2: Hereditary or familial (20 to 25% of cases)
Hormonal changes in women, especially during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle Medications Severe and prolonged dietary restriction, intentional or forced Low-calorie, low-carbohydrate diets Alcohol Exposure to organic solvents Infections and other illnesses
The most common symptoms of an attack are Generalized abdominal pain Vomiting Abdominal pain may be excruciating and is disproportionate to abdominal tenderness or other physical signs.
The urine is often red or reddish brown and strongly positive for porphobilinogen during an attack.
Motor neuropathy is common with severe and prolonged attacks. Muscle weakness usually begins in the extremities but can involve any motor neuron or cranial nerve and proceed to tetraplegia. Bulbar involvement can cause respiratory failure.
Symptoms include fragile, easily blistered skin, mainly on sun-exposed areas.
A urine specimen should be examined and sent for PBG and creatinine measurement in patients with abdominal pain of unknown cause, especially if severe constipation, vomiting, tachycardia, muscle weakness, bulbar involvement, or psychiatric symptoms occur.
PBG and ALA levels, normalized to urinary creatinine concentration, > 10 mg/g creatinine indicate an acute porphyric attack unless patients are gene carriers in whom porphyrin precursor excretion occurs at similar levels even during the latent phase of the disorder.
Genetic testing is strongly preferred first in the index case and then repeated with targeted genetic testing in all first-degree relatives.
elevated urinary uroporphyrin and heptacarboxyl porphyrin and fecal isocoproporphyrin indicate PCT. Urine levels of porphyrin precursor porphobilinogen (PBG) is normal in PCT.
Attacks are treated with glucose or, if more severe, IV heme.
IV heme is more effective than dextrose and should be given immediately in severe attacks, electrolyte imbalance, or muscle weakness.
Treatment of acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older.
Treatment includes iron depletion by phlebotomy and enhancing porphyrin excretion by treatment with low-dose chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine
Hyponatremia may occur during an acute attack due to excessive vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) release and/or administration of hypotonic IV solutions (5% or 10% dextrose in water), a standard therapy for acute attacks.
If heme therapy is delayed, nerve damage is more severe and recovery is slower and possibly incomplete.
Cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, systemic arterial hypertension, and renal impairment become more common after middle age in acute intermittent porphyria
Misdiagnosis is common because the acute attack is confused with other causes of acute abdomen (sometimes leading to unnecessary surgery) or with a primary neurologic or psychiatric disorder.
Vymenujte spúšťače akútneho porfyrického ataku.
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aká je liečba akútneho ataku porfýrie?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.
Aké sú zásady diagnostiky a liečby porphyria cutanea tarda?
Najprv si odpoveď povedz nahlas alebo v duchu – až potom ju odkry.