Aké sú diagnostické kritériá diabetes mellitus podľa ADA 2026?
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🫀 Interná medicína · 81
| diabetes mellitus 1. typu | diabetes mellitus typus 1 |
| diabetická ketoacidóza | ketoacidosis diabetica |
| hyperglykemický hyperosmolárny stav | |
| hypoglykémia | hypoglycaemia |
| glykovaný hemoglobín (HbA1c) | |
| protilátky proti glutamátdekarboxyláze (anti-GAD) | |
| inzulínová pumpa | |
| diabetická retinopatia | retinopathia diabetica |
| diabetická nefropatia | nephropathia diabetica |
| diabetická neuropatia | neuropathia diabetica |
| Kussmaulovo dýchanie |
Type 1 diabetes (due to autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency, including latent autoimmune diabetes in adults)
Autoimmune markers include islet cell autoantibodies and autoantibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (e.g., GAD65), insulin, the tyrosine phosphatases islet antigen 2 (IA-2) and IA-2b, and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8).
Stage 1: Presence of ≥ 2 islet autoantibodies with normal plasma glucose and no symptoms Stage 2: Glucose intolerance or dysglycemia but no symptoms Stage 3: Clinical symptoms
The rate of β-cell destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals (particularly but not exclusively in infants and children) and slow in others (mainly but not exclusively adults)
People with type 1 diabetes are also prone to other autoimmune disorders, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis, Graves disease, celiac disease, Addison disease, vitiligo, autoimmune hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, and pernicious anemia
More significant hyperglycemia (above 160 to 180 mg/dL [8.9 to 10.0 mmol/L]) causes glycosuria and thus an osmotic diuresis, leading to urinary frequency, polyuria, and polydipsia that may progress to orthostatic hypotension and dehydration.
Hyperglycemia can also cause weight loss, nausea and vomiting, and blurred vision, and it may predispose to bacterial or fungal infections.
People with type 1 diabetes often present with acute symptoms of diabetes and markedly elevated blood glucose levels, and 25–50% are diagnosed with life-threatening DKA
Some patients in stage 3 experience a long but transient phase of near-normal glucose levels after acute onset of the disease (honeymoon phase) due to partial recovery of insulin secretion.
A1C ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay.* OR FPG ≥126 mg/dL (≥7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h.* OR 2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT.
In an individual with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L).
In the absence of classic symptoms of hyperglycemia, repeat testing is required to confirm the diagnosis regardless of the test used
Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) should be the primary antibody measured and, if negative, should be followed by islet tyrosine phosphatase 2 (IA-2) and/or zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) where these tests are available.
9.1 Treat most adults with type 1 diabetes with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion or multiple daily doses of prandial (injected or inhaled) and basal insulin.
9.2 For most adults with type 1 diabetes, insulin analogs (or inhaled insulin) are preferred over injectable human insulins to minimize hypoglycemia risk.
6.3a An A1C goal of <7% (<53 mmol/mol) is appropriate for many nonpregnant adults without severe hypoglycemia or hypoglycemia affecting health or quality of life.
9.27 Automated insulin delivery systems should be offered to all adults with type 1 and 2 diabetes on insulin depending on the person’s or caregiver’s needs and preferences.
to either a glucose value of ≥11.1 mmol/l (200 mg/dl) or a prior history of diabetes irrespective of the presenting glucose value. Hyperglycaemia and/or diabetes must be accompanied by two additional criteria—elevated ketones and metabolic acidosis—for the diagnosis of DKA to be established.
Low-normal or low potassium levels (<3.5 mmol/l) are present on admission in 5–10% of patients with DKA [147]; in such cases, potassium replacement should begin at a rate of 10 mmol/h, and insulin therapy should be delayed until the potassium level increases to >3.5 mmol/l
Glucose <70 mg/dL (<3.9 mmol/L) and ≥54 mg/dL (≥3.0 mmol/L) Level 2 Glucose <54 mg/dL (<3.0 mmol/L) Level 3 A severe event characterized by altered mental and/or physical status requiring assistance for treatment of hypoglycemia, irrespective of glucose level
Chronic hyperglycemia leads to complications that affect small vessels (microvascular), large vessels (macrovascular), or both. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
Aké sú diagnostické kritériá diabetes mellitus podľa ADA 2026?
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Aké sú hlavné zásady liečby diabetickej ketoacidózy u dospelých (konsenzus 2024)?
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